This retrospective study evaluates the effectiveness of frailty assessment tools-specifically the Risk Analysis Index (RAI) and the 5-Item Modified Frailty Index (5-mFI)-in predicting postoperative outcomes for elderly patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery. The study seeks to determine if these preoperative scores can accurately identify patients at higher risk for 90-day mortality and major complications.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Geriatric patients (aged 65 years and older).
• Underwent lower limb orthopedic surgery (e.g., hip or knee arthroplasty, fracture fixation).
• Availability of complete perioperative medical records.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients younger than 65.
• Incomplete follow-up data or missing intraoperative records.

The study population consists of geriatric patients aged 65 years and older who underwent major lower limb orthopedic surgeries (such as hip or knee arthroplasty or fracture fixation) at the participating orthopedic departments. The cohort includes individuals with varying degrees of preoperative physical reserve, categorized into frail, pre-frail, and non-frail groups using validated assessment tools. This population represents a high-risk surgical demographic characterized by multiple comorbidities and age-related physiological decline, requiring detailed perioperative data analysis.