Patients in the control group were asked to return to their routine activities.

• The exercises were performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist by using a program developed by Dr. Jonathon Smith and verbal instructions.

• The patients were asked to wear comfortable clothes and take off their shoes during the session.

• Before the exercise, the patients were taught to breathe deeply through the nose and perform expression by positioning the lips as if making a "U" sound.

• The exercises were performed in three sets for each session for the hip, abdominal, waist, back, chest, shoulder and neck muscle groups, as described below

  1. The participant takes a deep breath as taught previously.
  2. The participant performs muscle contraction along with deep inspiration.
  3. The participant then ends the contraction while exhaling through the mouth and relaxing.

• The exercises were performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist by using a program developed by Dr. Jonathon Smith and verbal instructions .

• The patients were asked to wear comfortable clothes and take off their shoes during the session.

• Before the exercise, the patients were taught to breathe deeply through the nose and perform expression by positioning the lips as if making a "U" sound.

• The exercises were performed in three sets for each session for the hip, abdominal, waist, back, chest, shoulder and neck muscle groups, as described below

  1. The participant takes a deep breath as taught previously.
  2. The participant performs muscle contraction along with deep inspiration.
  3. The participant then ends the contraction while exhaling through the mouth and relaxing.

The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia is a validated self-report questionnaire used to assess fear of movement related to pain or injury. Scores range from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater fear of movement. Change is calculated as the difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores.

Pain intensity is assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a validated measure consisting of a 10-cm line ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Participants rate their pain at rest and during movement. Change is calculated as the difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores.

Functional disability is assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index, a validated questionnaire that measures the degree of disability related to low back pain. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater disability. Change is calculated as the difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores.

Quality of life is assessed using the Short Form-36 Health Survey, a validated questionnaire that evaluates health-related quality of life across multiple domains. Scores range from 0 to 100 for each domain, with higher scores indicating better health status. Change is calculated as the difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores.