Based on exercise recommendations for older adults from the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), the researcher developed a conventional exercise training programme suitable for participants aged 65 and over, incorporating balance, strength and flexibility exercises. In parallel, an action observation therapy exercise video recording was prepared for the experimental group participants. The exercises were easy to learn, not complex in terms of memory and performance, performed standing up without sitting down, and progressed from easy to difficult.

The exercise programme was carried out for a total of 16 sessions over four weeks, with 8 repetitions per set for the first four weeks and 12 repetitions per set for the next four weeks, for 30-45 minutes, twice a week.

Participants in the control group were informed that they would be enrolled in their preferred exercise programme afterwards, and no exercise programme was implemented throughout the study. The same exercise progra

Warm-up Exercises: Active joint range of motion and sequential circumduction of the shoulder forwards and backwards,

• Weight transfer to the hips in a seated position,
• Isometric contraction exercises for the lower extremity extensor, flexor, adductor, and abductor groups in a seated position (performed using a towel or thin pillow),
• Bridge pose,
• Hip abduction in a side-lying position,
• Knee and shoulder flexion and extension,
• Supine position trunk flexion,
• Weight transfer to lower extremities while standing,
• Semi squat,
• Walking,
• Cool-down Exercises: Performed as stretching and breathing exercises for the hamstrings, quadriceps femoris, and pectoral muscles.

The exercises consisted of these movements.

No action was taken.

exercise

To determine functional capacity, the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) was administered in accordance with the American Thoracic Society protocol. During the test, patients were expected to complete the test by walking as fast as possible on a 30-metre straight corridor without running. Before starting, individuals were informed about the test and verbally advised that they could slow down, rest, and terminate the test if they felt tired or short of breath. The 6MWT test was interpreted according to gender using the following formulas

During the test, the time it took for the patient to get up from the chair they were sitting in, walk a distance of 3 meters, then return to the starting position was measured

The test was performed to measure static standing capacity. The time was started when the person lifted their foot and stopped when the lifted foot touched the ground, the supporting foot bounced, or the person had to take support to maintain balance. It was performed twice with eyes open, and the average time was recorded

Fatigue severity scale was applied to evaluate the fatigue levels of the patients. This scale consists of a total of 9 questions, and each question was scored from one to seven depending on the participants' agreement with the questions. The scores on the scale are 1 point for strongly disagree, 3 points for tend to disagree, 4 points for undecided, 5 points for tend to agree, and 7 points for strongly agree

Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The MoCA evaluates global cognitive performance including attention, memory, language, executive functions, and visuospatial abilities in older adults.