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This study evaluated whether listening to music during routine non-stress test (NST) monitoring affects fetal parameters and maternal psychological outcomes. NST is a common prenatal assessment, and some pregnant women may experience anxiety or negative emotions during the procedure. Music listening is a non-pharmacological approach that may improve emotional well-being and potentially influence fetal responses.
In this randomized controlled trial, pregnant women who attended an NST unit were assigned either to a music group that listened to music through headphones during NST monitoring or to a control group that received routine NST monitoring without music. Fetal parameters were assessed from NST recordings. Maternal anxiety, loneliness, and positive-negative affect were measured before and after the NST using validated questionnaires.
The results of this study aim to inform supportive prenatal care practices and evaluate whether music listening can be used as a simple intervention during NST monitoring.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Music Listening During NST | Experimental | Participants listened to music through headphones during routine NST monitoring in a left lateral position for at least 20 minutes. The volume was adjusted according to participant preference. |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants received routine NST monitoring in a left lateral position for at least 20 minutes without music. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Music Listening During NST | Behavioral | Participants listened to music through headphones during routine NST monitoring in a left lateral position for at least 20 minutes. The volume was adjusted according to participant preference. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal State Anxiety | Change in maternal anxiety measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State Form (STAI-S). Scores range from 20 to 80; higher scores indicate greater anxiety. | Baseline (pre-NST) and immediately post-NST (same visit) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Loneliness (Social and Emotional Loneliness) | Change in loneliness measured using the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults - Short Form (SELSA-S). Total scores range from 15 to 105; higher scores indicate greater loneliness. | Baseline (pre-NST) and immediately post-NST (same visit) |
| Positive and Negative Affect |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| NİLGUN AVCI | Biruni University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State University Hospital, Obstetrics Clinic, NST Unit, Istanbul | Istanbul | Istanbul | 34010 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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Change in affect measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Each subscale ranges from 10 to 50; higher positive scores indicate more positive affect and higher negative scores indicate greater negative affect. |
| Baseline (pre-NST) and immediately post-NST (same visit) |
| Fetal Heart Rate During NST | Fetal heart rate assessed from NST recordings during the monitoring session. Measured in beats per minute; normal patterns (120-140/min) indicate better fetal well-being. | During NST monitoring (same visit) |
| Fetal Movement Count During NST | Number of fetal movements recorded by the mother using the event marker during NST monitoring. Higher counts indicate greater fetal activity. | During NST monitoring (same visit). |