The prognostic differences between open and minimally invasive radical pancreatic surgery combined with venous resection and reconstruction remain controversial, and there is a lack of high-quality evidence-based medical evidence to support either approach. Therefore, this study intends to conduct a retrospective cohort analysis, planning to enroll pancreatic cancer patients who have undergone radical pancreatic surgery (open vs. minimally invasive) combined with venous resection and reconstruction from multiple hospitals both domestically and internationally, and to collect relevant data. The primary objective is to evaluate the differences in postoperative thrombosis and the incidence of severe complications between the two groups. Furthermore, prognostic data will be collected to assess the impact of open versus minimally invasive pancreatic surgery combined with venous resection and reconstruction on both short-term and long-term all-cause mortality in pancreatic cancer patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• diagnosis of malignant pancreatic or periampullary lesions requiring surgical pancreatic resection; preoperative imaging confirming venous involvement; undergoing pancreatic resection with simultaneous venous resection and reconstruction; and availability of complete postoperative outcome data, including thrombosis and complication grading.

Exclusion Criteria:

• preoperative confirmation of distant metastasis.

Patients undergoing pancreatic surgery combined with venous resection and reconstruction.