Comparison of Treatment Modalities in Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Effects of Classical Massage in Individuals With Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of classical massage on pain, muscle sensitivity, muscle activity, functional status, and quality of life in individuals with myofascial pain syndrome, and to compare the effectiveness of classical massage applied alone versus in combination with a conventional physiotherapy program.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome confirmed by a physical medicine and rehabilitation physician, according to the criteria of Travell and Simons (1992)
• Male or female participants aged 30-50 years
• Presence of at least one active trigger point in the upper trapezius muscle confirmed by palpation
• Pain radiating to the neck and upper extremity persisting for at least 3 months
• Pain intensity of ≥4/10 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
• Functional impairment indicated by a Neck Disability Index (NDI) score ≥10/50 (≥20%)
• Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of diagnosed systemic musculoskeletal or rheumatologic disorders (e.g., fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis)
• Signs or symptoms of neuropathic pain or cervical radiculopathy
• Conditions contraindicating massage therapy (e.g., skin infection, open wounds, bleeding disorders, active inflammation)
• Receipt of manual therapy, massage, dry needling, injections, or similar treatments targeting the affected region within the preceding 1 month
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• History of acute trauma, fracture, or surgical intervention involving the neck or shoulder region