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Smoking causes chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction through alterations in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathways. Maresin is an anti-inflammatory pro-resolving lipid mediator that plays important roles in the resolution of inflammatory processes. Tabata exercise is a short-duration, high-intensity exercise modality with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of tabata exercise on iNOS, eNOS, and Maresin levels, as well as the relationships among these biomarkers, in smokers and non-smokers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoker | Active Comparator |
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| Nonsmoker | Active Comparator |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tabata Exercise Protocol | Other | The Tabata protocol consisted of 20-second high-intensity intervals exceeding 70 % of VOâ‚‚max and approaching ~90 % of VOâ‚‚max, followed by 10 seconds of rest, repeated for 4 minutes per set. Exercises included high knees, froggers, speed skaters, jumping jacks, and mountain climbers. Following the original Tabata design [29], each work-rest cycle was repeated eight times. Each training session began with a 10-15 minute warm-up and concluded with a 10-15 minute cool-down. The total number of sets ranged from 1 to 4, and the number of exercises per session ranged from 4 to 8. Training intensity progressively increased from 30 % to 89 % of maximal effort according to the principle of progressive overload. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| serum inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level | iNOS level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. | 6 week after exercise |
| serum inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level | iNOS level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. | 12 week after exercise |
| serum endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) synthase level | eNOS level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. | 6 week after exercise |
| serum endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) synthase level | eNOS level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. | 12 week after exercise |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| serum maresin level | Maresin level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. | 6 week after exercise |
| serum maresin level | Maresin level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atatürk University | Erzurum | Yakutiye | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31345423 | Background | Ding N, Sang Y, Chen J, Ballew SH, Kalbaugh CA, Salameh MJ, Blaha MJ, Allison M, Heiss G, Selvin E, Coresh J, Matsushita K. Cigarette Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Long-Term Risk of 3 Major Atherosclerotic Diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Jul 30;74(4):498-507. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.05.049. | |
| 32201936 | Background |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012907 | Smoking |
| D000073865 | Cigarette Smoking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000073869 | Tobacco Smoking |
| D064424 | Tobacco Use |
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| 12 week after exercise |
| Fysikopoulos A, Seimetz M, Hadzic S, Knoepp F, Wu CY, Malkmus K, Wilhelm J, Pichl A, Bednorz M, Tadele Roxlau E, Ghofrani HA, Sommer N, Gierhardt M, Schermuly RT, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Weissmann N, Kraut S. Amelioration of elastase-induced lung emphysema and reversal of pulmonary hypertension by pharmacological iNOS inhibition in mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2021 Jan;178(1):152-171. doi: 10.1111/bph.15057. Epub 2020 Apr 28. |