This project is a multi-center, prospective, real-world cohort study that collects clinical data of Chinese patients with AQP4-positive NMOSD in the acute stage. It comprehensively assesses the clinical outcomes of the patients and aims to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of icoxib as a combined add-on treatment versus simple hormone shock therapy during the acute phase of NMOSD.Using simple hormone shock therapy (IVMP) as the control group, the efficacy and safety of etanercept treatment in the acute attack phase of Chinese patients with AQP4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) were evaluated.

Patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into three groups for their acute-phase treatment based on their treatment preferences:

1. Eculizumab plus treatment group: Eculizumab + IVMP (intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy)
2. Human immunoglobulin addition treatment group: IVIG + IVMP
3. Single IVMP treatment group: IVMP

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age: 18 - 65 years old, gender not restricted.
2. Patients who meet the diagnostic criteria for NMOSD as set by the International Panel for NMO Diagnosis (IPND) in 2015, and have positive serum AQP4-IgG (by CBA method or live cell method).
3. Acute phase of NMOSD-ON, defined as new or worsening optic nerve dysfunction (visual acuity decline accompanied or not by eye pain and visual field defect), with an onset duration of ≤ 21 days, and clear evidence of new or recurrent optic nerve damage on imaging (new or expanded T2WI lesions, with enhancement); the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the affected eye during the acute phase of NMOSD-ON (if both eyes are affected simultaneously, the worse eye is considered) drops from above 0.3 to ≤ 0.1.
4. Acute phase of NMOSD-TM, defined as new or worsening spinal cord dysfunction (limb weakness or numbness, accompanied or not by urinary and defecation disorders), with an onset duration of ≤ 21 days, and clear evidence of new or recurrent spinal cord damage on imaging (new or expanded T2WI lesions, with enhancement); the EDSS score during the acute phase of NMOSD-TM increases from ≤ 4.0 to ≥ 6.0.
5. Clinical onset and recurrence determination requires unanimous judgment by each center and the center committee (an independent group of 3 people).
6. Agree to receive meningococcal vaccine or use eculizumab during and 2 weeks after the medication.
7. Sign the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Damage to the optic nerve or spinal cord caused by other non-NMOSD-related factors.

2. Abnormal laboratory indicators that need to be excluded from the subjects include, but are not limited to the following indicators:

   Neutrophils < 1.5 × 109/L, Hemoglobin < 90g/L, Platelet count < 75 × 109/L; Serum creatinine > 1.5 × ULN, Total bilirubin > 1.5 × ULN, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 1.5 × ULN, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 1.5 × ULN, Alkaline phosphatase > 2 × ULN ； HbA1c > 8% (for diabetic patients); GFR < 60 mL/minute/1.73m2.

3. Pregnant or lactating women, as well as those planning to become pregnant during the study period.

4. Those who have received PE/IA/IVIG/FcRn/B-cell deletion/C5/IL-6 treatment within 1 month before enrollment.

5. Active infections: active hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis or HIV infection; active systemic infections or immunodeficiency diseases; unrelieved meningococcal infection of the meninges, or patients with severe infections that cannot use immunosuppressive drugs.

6. Patients with severe internal or external diseases (not limited to such as heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, respiratory failure, pulmonary insufficiency, cachexia, organ transplantation, etc.).

7. Those who have had or currently have an untreated malignant tumor that is not well controlled.

8. Patients with serious physical or mental diseases that may affect the smooth implementation of the study.

9. Patients known to be allergic to monoclonal drugs, murine proteins or any excipients.

10. Patients who are intolerant to methylprednisolone or gamma globulin.

11. Patients who cannot complete the magnetic resonance enhanced scan screening.

12. Patients who are participating in other interventional clinical trials.

13. Patients who cannot understand the questionnaire questions or cooperate with the questionnaire survey.

14. Situations that the research team collectively deems unsuitable for participation in this study.