This is a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted at a single center. The study aims to evaluate whether a "tubeless" strategy can enhance recovery for patients undergoing minimally invasive thoracoscopic sublobar resection (wedge or segment resection) for small lung nodules.

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups:

• The experimental group will receive the "tubeless" strategy, which includes non-endotracheal intubation anesthesia (using a laryngeal mask) and no routine chest tube drainage after surgery.
• The control group will receive the traditional strategy, which includes double-lumen endotracheal intubation anesthesia and routine chest tube drainage.

The main goal is to compare the rate of achieving high-quality fast-track recovery at 24 hours after surgery between the two groups. This study will provide evidence on whether the tubeless approach can help patients recover faster and more comfortably without compromising safety.

This is a prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Adult patients (aged 18-75) scheduled for uniportal VATS sublobar resection for peripheral lung nodules (≤2 cm, ≤2 cm from the pleura) will be assessed for eligibility. Key exclusion criteria include severe pleural adhesions, inability to achieve selective lung ventilation, and severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction.

The primary outcome is a composite endpoint measuring the rate of high-quality fast-track recovery at 24 hours postoperatively, defined as simultaneously meeting all three criteria: 1) meeting standardized discharge criteria, 2) a QoR-15 (Quality of Recovery-15) score ≥130, and 3) absence of Clavien-Dindo grade ≥II respiratory adverse events until the first follow-up.

Secondary outcomes include individual components of the primary endpoint, pneumothorax rate, postoperative pain scores, time to first ambulation, length of hospital stay, hospitalization costs, and patient satisfaction. A sample size of 138 participants (69 per group) was calculated to provide sufficient statistical power. Data analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age between 18 and 75 years.
• Scheduled for uniportal or multiportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for sublobar resection (wedge or segmentectomy).
• Presence of peripheral lung nodules ≤ 2 cm in diameter and ≤ 2 cm from the pleura, confirmed by CT scan.
• Ability to understand and provide written informed consent.
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Severe pleural adhesions or fibrosis that would preclude non-intubated anesthesia or tubeless approach.
• Severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction: FEV1 < 50% predicted, DLCO < 60% predicted, heart failure (NYHA class III-IV), or unstable angina.
• Pregnancy or lactation (confirmed by urine test if applicable).
• Inability to tolerate one-lung ventilation due to anatomical or physiological reasons.
• History of ipsilateral thoracic surgery.
• Active pulmonary infection, uncontrolled diabetes, or other comorbidities that increase surgical risk.
• Participation in another interventional trial within 30 days.

The de-identified individual participant data that underlie the results reported in the primary publication of this trial will be shared. This includes baseline characteristics (age, gender, BMI), intraoperative data (operation time, blood loss), and primary and secondary outcome data (e.g., QoR-15 scores, pneumothorax rates, length of stay, complication rates).

The IPD and supporting documents will become available within 6 months after the publication of the primary trial results. The data will be accessible for a minimum of 5 years.

The IPD will be accessible to researchers who provide a methodologically sound research proposal approved by an independent review committee. Proposals should be directed to the corresponding author. Data will be shared for the purpose of achieving the approved research aims. A data access agreement must be signed before data release.

Due to the nature of the interventions (anesthesia and drainage strategies), blinding of the participants or the care providers is not feasible. However, the outcome assessors will be blinded to the group assignment.