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Aim: This study aims to compare the static endurance of cervical region muscles, pressure pain thresholds of selected muscles of the stomatognathic system, and postural characteristics in young adults with and without temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD).
Method: A total of 60 university students aged between 18 and 25 years will be included in the study. Participants will be divided into two groups: individuals with temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD group, n=30) and healthy controls (control group, n=30). The static endurance of cervical flexor and extensor muscles will be assessed using standardized endurance tests. Pressure pain thresholds of the temporalis, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, and upper trapezius muscles will be measured using a pressure algometer. Postural characteristics will be evaluated using the New York Posture Analysis (NYPA).
The socio-demographic data of the individuals, including age, height, weight, etc., were recorded. The Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) was used to identify the presence of TMD, and individuals with a score above 15 (FAI≥15) were determined to have TMD. Additionally, individuals' muscular endurance was assessed using a standard endurance test, pressure pain thresholds were measured with an algometer, and posture was evaluated using the New York Posture Analysis.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| TMD Group | TMD group was defined as scoring 15 points or more on the Fonseca Anamnesis Index (FAI). | ||
| Control Group | Control group was an FAI score below 15. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cervical Muscle Endurance Assessment | Static endurance of cervical flexor and extensor muscles was measured in seconds. Extensors: participants lay prone, lifted the head slightly, and held a 2-kg weight as long as possible. Flexors: participants lay supine, performed slight craniocervical flexion, and maintained the position. Test ended with pain, loss of position, or sufficient endurance. Intra-observer reliability: flexors 0.71-0.93, extensors 0.73-0.85. | 2 week |
| Pressure Pain Threshold Assesment | Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured using a Baseline Push-Pull Force Gauge® algometer with a 1 cm rubber tip. After familiarization, pressure was applied perpendicularly to the most sensitive points of the upper trapezius, masseter, temporalis, and SCM muscles until participants reported pain. Each site was tested three times with ≥20 s intervals, and the average value was recorded as the PPT. | 2 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Posture Assessment | Posture was assessed using the NYPA, evaluating alignment of 13 body regions including head, neck, shoulders, back, waist, hips, and ankles. Each region was scored 1 (severe impairment), 3 (moderate), or 5 (good), giving a total score of 13-65. Scores were categorized as very good (≥45), good (40-44), moderate (30-39), poor (20-29), or bad (≤19). Reliability coefficients range from 0.93 to 0.98. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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The study population consisted of university students aged 18-25 studying at Igdir University Karaagac Campus.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Aydan AYTAR, Prof. Dr. | University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation | Study Director |
| Binnaz Bozkurt Akpulat, MSc. | Igdir University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Igdir University | Iğdır | 76000 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Individual participant data will not be shared to protect participant confidentiality and because the data were collected solely for the purposes approved by the ethics committee.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013705 | Temporomandibular Joint Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017271 | Craniomandibular Disorders |
| D008336 | Mandibular Diseases |
| D007571 | Jaw Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
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| 2 week |
| D007592 |
| Joint Diseases |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |