LDL-cholesterol was measured from fasting serum samples using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods.

HDL-cholesterol was measured from fasting serum samples using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods.

CRP levels were measured using routine laboratory procedures in outpatient visits.

Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were assessed using chemiluminescence immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

Serum folic acid levels were measured using standard automated immunoassay techniques.immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were measured using automated chemiluminescent immunoassay.immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

AIP is a logarithmically transformed ratio of plasma triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [log₁₀(TG/HDL-C)], and it is used as a surrogate marker of atherogenicity and cardiovascular risk.

A biomarker reflecting the balance between inflammatory status (monocytes) and anti-atherogenic lipid components (HDL-C); it has been proposed as an indicator of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk.

A widely used index of atherogenic risk, representing the balance between total cholesterol and protective HDL-C, with higher values indicating increased cardiovascular risk.

A systemic inflammatory marker calculated as the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, commonly used to assess inflammatory status and immune response.

Participants were asked about the foods they consumed in the past month from seven groups, including five basic food groups (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, bread and grains, vegetables and fruits, sugars and fats), beverages, and fast food. Participants were asked how often and in what quantities they consumed these foods using eight options: "every meal," "every day," "5-6 days a week," "3-4 days a week," "1-2 days a week," "once every 15 days," "once a month," and "never." In evaluating food consumption records, responses regarding food consumption frequency were calculated using food consumption frequency. The amounts of food and beverages consumed were multiplied by "3" for "every meal," '1' for "every day," "0.7855" for "5-6 times a week," "0.498" for "3-4 times a week," "0.2145" for "1-2 times a week," "0.067" for "once every 15 days," and "0.033" for "once a month" to obtain the daily average amounts.

A single-day food consumption record was obtained using the 24-hour recall method to determine participants' food consumption patterns. The Food and Nutrition Photo Catalog was used to estimate portions to ensure that the amounts of food consumed were assessed accurately and reliably. Based on these records, daily energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using the Nutrition Information System (BEBİS) software, based on the type and amount of food consumed by individuals in the last 24 hours.

Individuals' DASH diet compliance scores were calculated based on their food consumption frequency after their energy requirements were calculated. The highest possible score on the DASH diet compliance scale is 8.0. A score of 4.5 or above is considered 'high compliance', while a score below 4.5 is considered 'low compliance'.