Summary of the Research on Withdrawing and Withholding Life-Sustaining Treatment for Critically Ill Children Background Medical treatments require regular evaluation to ensure they align with the patient's best interests, particularly in intensive care where quality of life is often compromised. In the context of critically ill children, the challenge increases as patients may not be fully conscious or capable of expressing their needs and preferences. While intensive care can extend life, end-of-life situations necessitate careful consideration to avoid providing futile treatments that do not benefit the patient.

Decision-Making Complexity Identifying when further treatment is beneficial poses significant challenges, influenced by various factors including the wishes of the patient and guardians. Previous studies indicate variability among healthcare providers in treatment decisions, often stemming from personal experiences and emotional responses. However, comparable research focusing on critically ill children in Nordic contexts remains scarce. Medical decisions often require balancing potential benefits against the risks of extended suffering or loss of valuable time at the end of life.

A previous survey on end-of-life care in Europe indicated similar attitudes across regions but highlighted the need for cultural considerations. Sweden's distinct social and cultural values, characterized by individualism and secularism, may influence practices surrounding life-sustaining treatment.

Research Aims This research aims to investigate the factors affecting decision-making regarding the withdrawal and withholding of life-sustaining treatments for critically ill children in Swedish and Nordic intensive care units (ICUs). It will examine practitioners' experiences, attitudes, and the relative impact of children's autonomy in these decisions, excluding neonatal care.

Key scientific questions focus on Physicians' attitudes and challenges regarding treatment withdrawal.

Methodology

Semi-structured interviews in multiple ICUs to explore ethical dilemmas faced by physicians.

Summary of the Research on Withdrawing and Withholding Life-Sustaining Treatment for Critically Ill Children Background Medical treatments require regular evaluation to ensure they align with the patient's best interests, particularly in intensive care where quality of life is often compromised. In the context of critically ill children, the challenge increases as patients may not be fully conscious or capable of expressing their needs and preferences. While intensive care can extend life, end-of-life situations necessitate careful consideration to avoid providing futile treatments that do not benefit the patient.

Decision-Making Complexity Identifying when further treatment is beneficial poses significant challenges, influenced by various factors including the wishes of the patient and guardians. Previous studies indicate variability among healthcare providers in treatment decisions, often stemming from personal experiences and emotional responses. However, comparable research focusing on critically ill children in Nordic contexts remains scarce. Medical decisions often require balancing potential benefits against the risks of extended suffering or loss of valuable time at the end of life.

A previous survey on end-of-life care in Europe indicated similar attitudes across regions but highlighted the need for cultural considerations. Sweden's distinct social and cultural values, characterized by individualism and secularism, may influence practices surrounding life-sustaining treatment.

Research Aims This research aims to investigate the factors affecting decision-making regarding the withdrawal and withholding of life-sustaining treatments for critically ill children in Swedish and Nordic intensive care units (ICUs). It will examine practitioners' experiences, attitudes, and the relative impact of children's autonomy in these decisions, excluding neonatal care.

Key scientific questions focus on Physicians' attitudes and challenges regarding treatment withdrawal.

Methodology

Semi-structured interviews in multiple ICUs to explore ethical dilemmas faced by physicians.The research question will be investigated through semi-structured individual interviews with physicians who work with children in intensive care units. This will include both intensive care specialists and physicians from other specialties, primarily pediatricians. Recruitment will involve contacting the four children's departments in Sweden to seek voluntary study participants. The children's clinics at the same hospitals will also be contacted to reach out to potential volunteers. Recruitment will thereafter proceed through repeated contact and snowballing, where interviewed participants will assist in the recruitment process.An interview guide will be created and piloted with three people for validation. Subsequently, the interview guide will be updated.

The interviews will be conducted via links and verbatim transcription with the help of speech recognition software, which will be connected to the interviewer during the interview. Analysis will occur in NVivo using Qualitative Content Analysis according to Granheim and Lundman, based on narrative theory.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Specialist physicians in critical care with experience from end of life care in critically ill children.

Exclusion Criteria:

None

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- Specialist physicians in critical care with experience from end of life care in critically ill children.

All IPD that cannot be traced to an individual person.

Upon reasonable request

Upon reasonable request