Multimodal Training Effects in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Diabetic Sarcopenia

Effects of Multimodal Training on Muscle Function and Glucose Metabolism in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Sarcopenia

This study aims to investigate the effects of a 12-week multimodal exercise intervention on middle-aged and older adults (aged 45~85 years) with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The program combines supervised training, home-based sessions, and digital support to improve muscle function, physical performance, metabolic control, and quality of life.

Middle-aged and older adults with T2DM, particularly in Asian populations, face a heightened risk of sarcopenia. This condition leads to a decline in muscle mass and function, negatively impacting quality of life. Effective interventions are urgently needed to slow disease progression. This randomized controlled trial will recruit 128 adults. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a control group or an intervention group. The intervention involves a multimodal exercise program and educational materials, while the control group receives standard health education. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, week 12, and week 24 to evaluate physical function, sarcopenia risk, metabolic control, and quality of life.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosed with both Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia.
• Maintained on a stable regimen of oral hypoglycemic agents.
• Aged 45 years or older.
• Capable of communicating effectively in Mandarin or Taiwanese.
• Willing to provide informed consent or have it obtained from a legally authorized representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

• • Limited limb or joint function that prevents exercise (e.g., recent fractures or dislocations).

  • Communication barriers or severe emotional/psychological issues (e.g., uncontrolled depression or severe mental illness).
  • Severe cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia).
  • End-stage renal disease (ESRD).
  • Major comorbidities or complications, including active diabetic foot ulcers, amputation, recent myocardial infarction, severe autonomic neuropathy, or a history of stroke within the last 3 years.