This multicenter, parallel-group, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial will enroll 248 adults aged ≥75 years with degenerative lumbar spinal diseases scheduled for elective lumbar fusion surgery, and they will be randomized 1:1 into the intervention and usual care groups. The intervention group will receive a 6-week PHYSIO-Prehab multimodal prehabilitation program, including multicomponent exercise, nutritional intervention, comorbidity optimization, and cognitive prehabilitation with brain protection strategies. The control group will receive standard health education provided via a manual, and both groups will receive consistent perioperative Enhanced Recovery After Surgery care. The primary outcome will be the change in Barthel Index (a tool for assessing independence in activities of daily living) from baseline to 30 days postoperatively; secondary outcomes will include pain scores, disability, patient satisfaction, and the 30-day postoperative Comprehensive Complication Index. The trial will initiate recruitment in April 2026 and conclude in December 2027, aiming to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of PHYSIO-Prehab and provide high-quality evidence for patient-centered perioperative care pathways in this population.

Degenerative lumbar spinal diseases are a leading cause of pain, disability, and reduced quality of life among older adults. As the global population ages rapidly, the volume of elderly patients undergoing elective lumbar fusion surgery will rise significantly. However, this cohort will face elevated risks of postoperative complications and delayed recovery of independence in activities of daily living, due to age-related decline in physiological reserve and multiple comorbidities. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery programs have shown value in reducing complications and accelerating recovery, but most focus on intraoperative and postoperative care, lacking targeted preoperative interventions for older adults with frailty or impaired physical function. Prehabilitation, a proactive preoperative strategy to enhance functional capacity and resilience to surgical stress, holds potential for improving postoperative outcomes, yet high-quality randomized trials in lumbar spinal surgery remain scarce. The PRACTICE-2 trial will address this evidence gap by evaluating a tailored multimodal prehabilitation program (PHYSIO-Prehab) for this specific population.

This multicenter, parallel-group, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial will enroll 248 adults aged ≥75 years with degenerative lumbar spinal diseases who are scheduled for elective lumbar fusion surgery. Eligible patients will be randomized at a 1:1 ratio into the intervention group and the usual care group via stratified block randomization, with stratification by frailty status (frail vs. prefrail/non-frail) and participating center to balance key prognostic factors. The intervention group will receive a 6-week PHYSIO-Prehab program, consisting of 3 biweekly supervised group sessions (90 minutes each, including 60 minutes of lectures and 30 minutes of group discussion), plus home-based multicomponent exercise (resistance, balance, aerobic, and stretching training; 3 non-consecutive full sessions per week, with low-intensity walking on other days, adjusted based on the Borg 10-point scale). Additional interventions will include nutritional optimization (based on Mini Nutritional Assessment scores), comorbidity management (targeting anemia, hypertension, and diabetes), and cognitive prehabilitation with brain protection measures. The control group will receive standard health education provided via a manual, and both groups will receive consistent perioperative Enhanced Recovery After Surgery care as implemented by the participating hospitals.

The primary efficacy outcome will be the change in Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living (0-20 points, with higher scores indicating better independence in basic daily activities such as feeding, dressing, and mobility) from baseline to 30 days postoperatively. Secondary efficacy outcomes will include the proportion of patients achieving full independence in activities of daily living (Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living = 20) at 30 days postoperatively, Numeric Rating Scale scores for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and patient satisfaction assessed via the 4-point North American Spine Society scale. The primary safety outcome will be the occurrence of severe or multiple complications, defined as a Comprehensive Complication Index greater than 20 within 30 days postoperatively. Secondary safety outcomes will include primary and total hospital length of stay, non-home discharge, and unplanned readmissions within 30 days postoperatively. The trial will initiate recruitment in April 2026, conclude in December 2027, and use R software for statistical analysis under a modified intention-to-treat principle, aiming to provide high-quality evidence for optimizing patient-centered perioperative care pathways for older adults undergoing lumbar fusion surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged ≥75 years at the time of screening
2. Voluntarily sign the informed consent form
3. Clinically diagnosed with degenerative lumbar spinal disorders with duration of symptoms >6 months
4. Requiring elective lumbar fusion surgery (single-level or multi-level, open or minimally invasive approach)
5. No severe cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score > 9)
6. Scheduled to undergo surgery within 6-8 weeks after screening (allowing completion of the 6-week prehabilitation program)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Scheduled to undergo other emergency surgery or day surgery
2. Urgent medical conditions requiring priority management before spinal surgery
3. With spinal disorders other than degenerative diseases (spinal fracture, tumor, metastasis, infection, ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis with Cobb angle >40°)
4. With contraindications to prehabilitation exercise (New York Heart Association Class IV heart failure, unstable angina, uncontrolled hypertension [systolic BP ≥180 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥110 mmHg despite medication])
5. With severe functional disability for other disorders or long-term bedridden status unable to perform basic physical activities
6. With allergy or intolerance to nutritional supplements used in the prehabilitation program
7. Participating in another clinical trial involving prehabilitation, perioperative intervention, or spinal surgery within 3 months before screening