The purpose of this study will be to investigate the relation between degree of lumbar spine curvature and dynamic knee valgus angle in smartphone addict students with non-specific low back pain.

Smartphone usage can potentially cause musculoskeletal disorders in the lower back. Continuous smartphone use has been shown to create proprioception impairments in the cervical vertebra and postural alterations in the cervical and lumbar vertebrae (slouched posture)

Understanding the relationship between lumbar spine curvature (hyperlordosis, hypolordosis) and knee valgus angle is crucial for:

1. Preventing Musculoskeletal Disorders

   • Excessive knee valgus increases knee injury risk.
   • Abnormal lumbar curvature (hyper lordosis) may alter lower limb kinematics, contributing to knee malalignment.

2. Improving Rehabilitation Strategies: If lumbar posture influences knee mechanics, interventions (such as core stabilization) could reduce valgus and injury risk.

3. Ergonomics: Sedentary lifestyles and poor posture may exacerbate both spinal misalignment and knee valgus, increasing osteoarthritis risk.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects from both genders with an age range between 18 and 25 years old.
• Sound physical and mental health.
• Body mass index 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2.
• Subjects with chronic low back pain. Smart phone addiction.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Stroke
• Balance problems
• Visual problems
• Any other physical disorder that may affect our measurement
• Pregnancy
• Obesity
• Comorbidities such as cardiovascular or respiratory conditions

Sixty-eight subjects who are smart phone addicted with non specific low back pain and are aged from 18 to 25 years old will be allocated into one group.