This is a large clinical study that compares two different types of anesthesia for patients undergoing a specific kind of minimally invasive lung surgery (thoracoscopic sublobar resection) to remove small, early-stage lung nodules.

The study aims to find out if a newer anesthesia method, known as "non-intubated anesthesia" (where patients breathe on their own with the help of a laryngeal mask airway and nerve blocks for pain control), is as safe as the traditional "intubated anesthesia" (which uses a breathing tube and a machine to breathe for the patient).

The main goals of the study are, in order:

1. Safety First: To confirm that the non-intubated method does not lead to more lung complications within 30 days after surgery compared to the traditional method.
2. Effectiveness: If it is proven safe, the study will then check if patients receiving the non-intubated anesthesia have a better quality of recovery in the first 24 hours after surgery (e.g., less pain, fewer side effects like a sore throat, and a faster return to normal activities).

Approximately 1600 patients from multiple hospitals will be randomly assigned (like flipping a coin) to receive one of the two anesthesia methods. Neither the patients nor the surgeons will be told which group the patient is in when assessing the main outcomes after surgery, to ensure the results are fair and unbiased.

The results of this study will provide high-quality evidence to help doctors and patients choose the best and most comfortable anesthesia option for this type of lung surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 18 to 80 years (inclusive).
2. Scheduled for elective, uniportal or single utility port video-assisted thoracoscopic sublobar resection (wedge resection or simple anatomical segmentectomy).
3. Preoperative CT diagnosis of a peripheral pulmonary nodule meeting: maximum diameter ≤ 2.0 cm and outer edge ≤ 2.0 cm from the visceral pleura.
4. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II.
5. Preoperative pulmonary function: FEV1% ≥ 60% of predicted.
6. Preoperative arterial blood gas analysis (room air): PaO₂ ≥ 80 mmHg and PaCO₂ ≤ 45 mmHg.
7. Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.0 and 28.0 kg/m².
8. Able to understand the study and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Cardiovascular: NYHA class ≥ III, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction within 3 months, or severe arrhythmia requiring medication.
2. Respiratory: Severe COPD (GOLD 3 or 4), symptomatic interstitial lung disease, resting SpO₂ < 92% on room air, or severe pulmonary hypertension (estimated systolic PAP > 50 mmHg).
3. Airway Risk: Modified Mallampati score ≥ 3, mouth opening < 3 cm, or other predictors of difficult airway management.
4. Radiological: Preoperative CT suggesting extensive pleural adhesion, moderate or large pleural effusion, or mediastinal lymph nodes > 1.5 cm short axis.
5. Contraindications to Regional Anesthesia: Infection/tumor at the block site, patient refusal, or allergy to local anesthetics.
6. Coagulopathy: Platelet count < 100×10⁹/L, INR > 1.5, or use of anticoagulants that cannot be safely discontinued perioperatively.
7. Other: Severe hepatic or renal dysfunction, previous ipsilateral thoracic surgery, pregnancy or lactation, active psychiatric or cognitive disorders, or participation in another conflicting clinical trial.

De-identified individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in the primary and secondary outcomes of this study will be shared. This includes demographic data, perioperative parameters, and all assessed outcome measures.

The IPD and supporting documents will become available 6 months after the publication of the primary study results (the main manuscript). The data will be accessible for a period of 5 years.

Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal for use in achieving the goals of the approved proposal may request access. Proposals should be directed to the corresponding author via email. Data requestors will need to sign a data access/use agreement. The shared data will be available for analyses aimed at replicating the study results, conducting secondary analyses, or performing meta-analyses.