Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a multifactorial musculoskeletal condition that is common particularly among young and physically active individuals, negatively affecting activities of daily living and physical performance. Although exercise therapy is considered the gold standard in the management of PFPS, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of motor learning strategies applied during exercise. This study aims to shed light on how motor learning approaches can be optimized in clinical rehabilitation by comparing the effects of internal and external focus strategies used during exercise on muscle activation, functional performance, and pain.
This research will make a methodological contribution to the literature through the objective evaluation of muscle mechanical properties using isokinetic assessment and the MyotonPRO device. The findings are expected to clarify the effects of attentional focus strategies on therapeutic outcomes in PFPS rehabilitation and have the potential to provide an evidence-based guide for physiotherapy practice. In this way, the study may contribute to the development of new approaches aimed at improving both clinical effectiveness and patient adherence.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internal focus | Experimental |
| |
| External focus | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internal focus group | Other | Internal focus refers to directing attention to one's own body movements or muscle activity while performing a task (e.g., focusing on contracting a specific muscle). During isokinetic strength exercises, this group is instructed with commands such as: "Tighten your quadriceps" and "Straighten your knee." |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Kujala Patellofemoral Pain Score | Kujala Patellofemoral Pain Score is a valid and reliable self-reported outcome measure specific to patellofemoral pain syndrome that assesses knee function and pain-related limitations during daily activities. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better knee function and fewer symptoms. | baseline |
| Kujala Patellofemoral Pain Score | Kujala Patellofemoral Pain Score is a valid and reliable self-reported outcome measure specific to patellofemoral pain syndrome that assesses knee function and pain-related limitations during daily activities. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better knee function and fewer symptoms. | Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Kujala Patellofemoral Pain Score | Kujala Patellofemoral Pain Score is a valid and reliable self-reported outcome measure specific to patellofemoral pain syndrome that assesses knee function and pain-related limitations during daily activities. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better knee function and fewer symptoms. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Analog Scale | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a simple and reliable tool used to assess the intensity of knee pain. Participants rate their pain on a 0 to 10 cm scale, with higher scores indicating greater pain severity. It was used to evaluate changes in pain before and after exercise. | baseline |
| Visual Analog Scale |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEDA ATEÅž, bachelor degree | Contact | 90+ 5388543087 | seda.ates@ogr.iuc.edu.tr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| SEZEN KARABÖRKLÜ ARGUT, Assistant Professor | Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Health Science | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa | Recruiting | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| External focus | Other | External focus refers to directing attention to the effect of a movement on the environment or an external object, rather than on the body itself. During isokinetic exercise, this group is given the instruction: "Increase and maintain the performance indicator on the screen." |
|
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a simple and reliable tool used to assess the intensity of knee pain. Participants rate their pain on a 0 to 10 cm scale, with higher scores indicating greater pain severity. It was used to evaluate changes in pain before and after exercise. |
| Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Visual Analog Scale | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a simple and reliable tool used to assess the intensity of knee pain. Participants rate their pain on a 0 to 10 cm scale, with higher scores indicating greater pain severity. It was used to evaluate changes in pain before and after exercise. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| Isokinetic Muscle Strength Assessment (Isoforce) | Muscle performance will be objectively evaluated by measuring concentric strength values of the quadriceps muscle. | baseline |
| Isokinetic Muscle Strength Assessment (Isoforce) | Muscle performance will be objectively evaluated by measuring concentric strength values of the quadriceps muscle. | Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Isokinetic Muscle Strength Assessment (Isoforce) | Muscle performance will be objectively evaluated by measuring concentric strength values of the quadriceps muscle. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| Muscle Tone | Muscle tone was assessed using the MyotonPRO device, expressed in Hertz (Hz), with higher values indicating increased resting muscle tone. | baseline |
| Muscle Tone | Muscle tone was assessed using the MyotonPRO device, expressed in Hertz (Hz), with higher values indicating increased resting muscle tone. | Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Muscle Tone | Muscle tone was assessed using the MyotonPRO device, expressed in Hertz (Hz), with higher values indicating increased resting muscle tone. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| Muscle Stiffness | Muscle stiffness was measured using the MyotonPRO device, expressed in Newton per meter (N/m), with higher values indicating greater muscle stiffness. | baseline |
| Muscle Stiffness | Muscle stiffness was measured using the MyotonPRO device, expressed in Newton per meter (N/m), with higher values indicating greater muscle stiffness. | Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Muscle Stiffness | Muscle stiffness was measured using the MyotonPRO device, expressed in Newton per meter (N/m), with higher values indicating greater muscle stiffness. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| Muscle Elasticity | Muscle elasticity was evaluated using the MyotonPRO device, expressed as logarithmic decrement, with lower values indicating better elastic properties. | baseline |
| Muscle Elasticity | Muscle elasticity was evaluated using the MyotonPRO device, expressed as logarithmic decrement, with lower values indicating better elastic properties. | Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Muscle Elasticity | Muscle elasticity was evaluated using the MyotonPRO device, expressed as logarithmic decrement, with lower values indicating better elastic properties. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| Step-Down Test | Step-Down Test was used to assess lower-extremity control and functional performance. Participants were instructed to perform as many step-down repetitions as possible within 30 seconds. Performance was recorded as the number of completed repetitions, with higher scores indicating better functional capacity and dynamic knee stability. | baseline |
| Step-Down Test | Step-Down Test was used to assess lower-extremity control and functional performance. Participants were instructed to perform as many step-down repetitions as possible within 30 seconds. Performance was recorded as the number of completed repetitions, with higher scores indicating better functional capacity and dynamic knee stability. | Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Step-Down Test | Step-Down Test was used to assess lower-extremity control and functional performance. Participants were instructed to perform as many step-down repetitions as possible within 30 seconds. Performance was recorded as the number of completed repetitions, with higher scores indicating better functional capacity and dynamic knee stability. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| Single-Leg Hop Test | Single-Leg Hop Test was used to assess functional performance and dynamic knee stability. Participants were instructed to perform a maximal forward hop on the affected limb. The hop distance was measured in centimeters (cm), with greater distances indicating better functional performance. | baseline |
| Single-Leg Hop Test | Single-Leg Hop Test was used to assess functional performance and dynamic knee stability. Participants were instructed to perform a maximal forward hop on the affected limb. The hop distance was measured in centimeters (cm), with greater distances indicating better functional performance. | Week 3 of the Treatment |
| Single-Leg Hop Test | Single-Leg Hop Test was used to assess functional performance and dynamic knee stability. Participants were instructed to perform a maximal forward hop on the affected limb. The hop distance was measured in centimeters (cm), with greater distances indicating better functional performance. | Week 6 of the Treatment |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D046788 | Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
Not provided
Not provided