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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| IRB | Other Identifier | University of Rhode Island |
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DN is one of the most commonly used physical therapy (PT) interventions for managing trigger points (Tp). Evidence suggests that DN was equally effective as other PT interventions, compared to no treatment or Sham-DN. Electrical stimulation (ES) is also a commonly used non-invasive method for pain management during PT. Recently, several studies suggested that combining DN with ES may be more effective in trigger point release than DN alone. The goal of this clinical trial was to determine the effects that trigger point dry needling with and without electrical stimulation had on pain threshold. It would also learn about the effect the trigger point dry needling has on muscle activity in people with identified painful trigger points within the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle complex. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Participants will:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy subjects who has identified painful trigger points within the soleus and gastrocnemius. | Experimental | This study was a randomized controlled trial. Forty volunteers, aged 18-55 were recruited, signed an informed consent and randomly placed in four equal groups: dry needling with simultaneous electrical stimulation, dry needling only, electrical stimulation only, and a Sham treatment. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry needling with electrical stimulation | Procedure | A dry needle inserted into the trigger point and left in the muscle for 10 min. Also, parameters of electrical stimulation were set at a frequency of 30 Hz and a pulse width of 0.6 ms, at an intensity that caused a small muscle contraction. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| To determine the effects that trigger point dry needling with and without electrical stimulation has on pain threshold | Primary outcome measure: when subjects perceived the intensity to be 50% of their maximum pain, based on a 1-10 analog pain scale. Participants held a switch with a button connected to a Bluetooth-enabled PS 850 Data Log (Biometrics Ltd., UK) data acquisition software system, where all pain recordings were analyzed and stored. The pain threshold was measured three times and averaged. We also checked visual analogue scale (VAS). | This was a single time point study. Pain threshold was assessed before (baseline) and at 10 and 30 mins post treatment. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| To investigate the effects that trigger point dry needling with and without electrical stimulation has on the muscle activity (H-reflex) within the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles | Other outcome measure: Muscle activity was assessed using the H-reflex technique when the H-reflex amplitude was 15-25% of Mmax (H25%). Surface electrodes were used to stimulate the tibial nerve and record the H-reflex data. The H-reflex was elicited by a 2.5 cm monopolar stimulating ball electrode placed on the skin over the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. Ten Mmax responses were recorded. The electrical intensity was then lowered such that the H-reflex amplitude was 15-25% of Mmax (H25%). Ten H25% responses were recorded, and their averages served as the baseline data. |
Inclusion Criteria: healthy volunteers with at least 2 ≥ identifiable trigger points in soleus or gastrocnemius
Exclusion Criteria:
Age < 18 or > 55, able to communicate in English, no medical illness, or allergies
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doctor of Physical Therapy, University of Rhode Island | Kingston | Rhode Island | 02881 | United States |
This study was completed two years ago and received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval; however, I require this approval for the submission of an original article.
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randomized controlled study
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| Dry needling | Procedure | A dry needle inserted into the trigger point and left in the muscle for 10 min. To ensure uniformity in conditions across all groups, a placebo electrical stimulation protocol was implemented, characterized by the initiation of electrical stimulation followed by its immediate cessation. |
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| Electrical stimulation | Procedure | Electrical stimulation setting is same as above dry needling with electrical stimulation group while the needle touch the skin to cause a prick over the muscle and were held there for 10 min. |
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| Sham | Procedure | The needle touches the skin to cause a prick over the muscle and were held there for 10 min (placebo dry needling) with placebo electrical stimulation which means initiating electrical stimulation but removing it instantaneously. |
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| This was a single time point study. Muscle activity was assessed before (baseline) and at 10 and 30 mins post treatment. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000079245 | Dry Needling |
| D004558 | Electric Stimulation |
| D015670 | Acupuncture Therapy |
| D004599 | Electric Stimulation Therapy |
| D004561 | Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation |
| C005703 | salicylhydroxamic acid |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D010812 | Physical Stimulation |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000698 | Analgesia |
| D000760 | Anesthesia and Analgesia |
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