Participants in this arm will receive an interactive sensorimotor training program using the BlazePod system combined with a structured lifestyle education program. BlazePod training will focus on improving balance, reaction time, coordination, and functional mobility through static and dynamic balance tasks, reactive stepping, and lower-limb coordination exercises. Training sessions will be conducted three times per week for 30 minutes over a period of 12 weeks under the supervision of a physical therapist. In addition, participants will attend a weekly lifestyle education session addressing renal nutrition, fluid management, safe physical activity, fall prevention strategies, sleep hygiene, fatigue management, and medication adherence.

Participants in this arm will receive neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) applied to the lower limb muscles, including bilateral quadriceps and hamstrings, combined with the same structured lifestyle education program as the experimental group. NMES will be delivered using a portable electrical stimulation device with parameters adjusted to produce visible and comfortable muscle contractions. Sessions will be conducted three times per week for 30 minutes over 12 weeks under physical therapist supervision. Lifestyle education sessions will be provided once weekly and will include renal nutrition, fluid control, safe physical activity, fall prevention strategies, sleep hygiene, fatigue management, and medication adherence.

This intervention consists of interactive sensorimotor training using the BlazePod system, a visual stimulus-based device designed to improve balance, coordination, reaction time, and functional mobility. Participants will perform static and dynamic balance exercises, reactive stepping drills, lower-limb coordination tasks, and dual-task activities in response to visual cues emitted by the BlazePod sensors. Training sessions will be conducted three times per week, with each session lasting 30 minutes, over a total duration of 12 weeks. All sessions will be supervised by a licensed physical therapist to ensure safety and appropriate progression of exercise difficulty. The intervention aims to reduce fall risk by enhancing neuromuscular control and postural stability in hemodialysis patients.

Change in risk of falling measured using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, recorded in seconds. Lower scores indicate better functional mobility and reduced fall risk.

Change in static and dynamic balance measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), scored from 0 to 56 points, with higher scores indicating better balance performance.

Change in lower limb muscle strength measured using a hand-held dynamometer, recorded in kilograms (kg).

Change in physical activity level measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF), expressed in MET-minutes/week.

Participant adherence to the prescribed physical intervention and lifestyle education sessions, expressed as percentage of attended sessions.