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The aim of this project is to prepare adults with acquired brain injuries for on-road driving by using the driving simulator and increase participant's comfort level, confidence, and independence within their occupation of driving. The occupational therapy faculty are interested in identifying the impact driving simulation training has on individuals with acquired brain injuries and how it prepares them for on-road driving. We hope that the information from this project will help us gather information on how driving simulation training improves pre-driving skills related to comfort, confidence, and independence.
This is Phase 3 of a project that started as a capstone project in 2021 and continued with Phase 2 in 2022. . In this next phase,participants who qualify for the study will be invited to participate in the study and will be sent a consent form. They will be randomly assigned to either the driving simulator (eightsessions) or eight sessions of traditional occupational therapy as a control group. All participants will have pre- and post-testing using the same assessments. These assessments measure readiness-to-drive. All participants in the control group will be offered drivingsimulator training after completing the traditional occupational therapy sessions. All study participants will be referred to a certified driving rehabilitation specialist for behind-the-wheelassessments after completing of the driving simulation training
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Driving Simulator or Traditional Occupational Therapy as Pre-Driving intervention | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to either the driving simulator (eight sessions) or eight sessions of traditional occupational therapy as a control group. Clients in the driving simulator intervention arm will receive eight sessions in a Drive Safety R-300 driving simulator. This simulator is a partial Ford Focus cab with a full interior, standard driving controls, and instrumentation, The exercises and realistic driving scenarios on the Drive Safety R-300 simulator will enable participants to have an immersive driving experience with interactive traffic, scripted behavior models, and triggered events. The researcher will initially provide more guided feedback during the motor tasks using a series of exercises in the simulator. More difficult motor tasks will be introduced gradually. As clients' motor skills became more refined, driving practice will be introduced in diverse scenarios and environmental conditions to improve the transfer and generalizability of motor skills. |
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| Control - Traditonal Occupational Therapy | Active Comparator | Participants will be randomly assigned to either the driving simulator (eight sessions) or eight sessions of traditional occupational therapy as a control group. Participants in the control, occupational therapy group will receive interventions based on typical occupational therapy assessments which assess range of motion, strength, coordination, functional mobility and self care management. Participants will receive sessions that focus on their deficits using occupation-based interventions to improve their assessed deficits. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Driving Simulation Intervention | Other | The exercises and realistic driving scenarios on the Drive Safety R-300 simulator will enable participants to have an immersive driving experience with interactive traffic, scripted behavior models, and triggered events. The researcher will initially provide more guided feedback during the motor tasks using a series of exercises in the simulator. More difficult motor tasks will be introduced gradually. As clients' motor skills became more refined, driving practice will be introduced in diverse scenarios and environmental conditions to improve the transfer and generalizability of motor skills. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Useful Field of View Assessment | This is a cognitive assessment that reliably predicts crash risk in drivers. There are 3 sub tests: Processing Speed, Divided Attention, and Selective Attention, which are measured in milliseconds (ms). The 3 sub-tests contribute to an Index score which ranges from 1-5 (Very Low Risk to High Risk of vehicular crash) | 8-16 weeks |
| Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test | This assessment measure is meant to assess visual perception independent of motor ability. The unit of measurement is age equivalent in years and months | After 16 intervention sessions |
| Trails A and B assessment | This are tests of speed for attention, sequencing, mental flexibility, visual search, and motor function. The subject is required to connect 25 encircled numbers by pencil line (Part A) and 25 alternating encircled numbers and letters (Part B) in correct order. The unit of measurement is seconds. | 8-16 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Behind-the-Wheel Assessment | Participants will be referred to a certified driving rehabiliation specialist for a behind-the-wheel assessment after completing their 8 intervention sessions. The unit of measurement is Pass or Fail | 8-16 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sheelagh M Schlegel, DrHSc, MPH, OTR/L | Contact | 203 365 4773 | schlegels@sacredheart.edu | |
| Stefanie Seanor, EdD., MBA, OTR/L | Contact | seanors@sacredheart.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sheelagh Schlegel, DrHSc, MPH, OTR/L | Sacred Heart University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacred Heart University | Recruiting | Fairfield | Connecticut | 06825 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28559646 | Background | Blane A, Lee HC, Falkmer T, Willstrand TD. Assessing Cognitive Ability and Simulator-Based Driving Performance in Poststroke Adults. Behav Neurol. 2017;2017:1378308. doi: 10.1155/2017/1378308. Epub 2017 May 7. | |
| 25397762 | Background | Dickerson AE, Meuel DB, Ridenour CD, Cooper K. Assessment tools predicting fitness to drive in older adults: a systematic review. Am J Occup Ther. 2014 Nov-Dec;68(6):670-80. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2014.011833. |
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Data on the study protocol for the driving simulation and data showing performance on the neuropsychological assessments
1/1/2027 - 12/31/2029
Driving Simulation researchers
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Jul 1, 2025 | Aug 6, 2025 | ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001930 | Brain Injuries |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D006259 | Craniocerebral Trauma |
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| Traditional Occupational Therapy | Other | Traditional occupational therapy interventions are based on typical occupational therapy assessments which assess range of motion, strength, coordination, functional mobility and self care management. Participants will receive sessions that focus on their deficits based on their acquired brain injuries. The researcher will use occupation-based interventions to improve the participants performance in functional tasks and performance in areas of occupations such as self care, leisure, play, health care management, and work. |
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| 36672036 | Background | Ouellette DS, Kaplan S, Rosario ER. Back on the Road: Comparing Cognitive Assessments to Driving Simulators in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries. Brain Sci. 2022 Dec 28;13(1):54. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13010054. |
| 23968796 | Background | Classen S, Wang Y, Crizzle AM, Winter SM, Lanford DN. Predicting older driver on-road performance by means of the useful field of view and trail making test part B. Am J Occup Ther. 2013 Sep-Oct;67(5):574-82. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.008136. |
| 31597483 | Background | Dimech-Betancourt B, Ross PE, Ponsford JL, Charlton JL, Stolwyk RJ. The development of a simulator-based intervention to rehabilitate driving skills in people with acquired brain injury. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2021 Apr;16(3):289-300. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2019.1673835. Epub 2019 Oct 9. |
| D020196 | Trauma, Nervous System |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |