Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of structured exercise interventions (Gince Zumba and Square Stepping) on cognitive, motor and behavioral functions of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Specifically, this study aims to:
Based on these aims, the study was conducted as follows:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gince Zumba Group | Experimental | Participants in this arm received the Gince Zumba exercise program conducted two times per week for eight weeks |
|
| Square Stepping Group | Experimental | Participants in this arm received the Square Stepping exercise program conducted two times per week for eight weeks |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | Participants in this arm received no regular physical activity for eight weeks |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gince Zumba Exercise | Other | The Gince Zumba interventions consisted of rhythm-based aerobic exercises , requiring cognitive engagement through attention, coordination, and sequencing of movements, and aiming to support cognitive functions." |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stroop Color Test Completion Time | The Stroop Color Test is a neuropsychological assessment used to evaluate selective attention, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. In this study, the primary outcome is the total time required to complete the interference condition of the Stroop task, measured in seconds. Shorter completion time indicates better attentional control and executive functioning. Measurements will be obtained before and after the 8-week exercise intervention. | Baseline and at the end of the 8-week intervention |
| Visual-Auditory Digit Span Test Total Score | The Visual-Auditory Digit Span Test (VADST) is a neuropsychological assessment used to evaluate short-term memory and working memory through auditory and visual digit recall tasks. The primary outcome measure is the total test score, expressed in points, obtained from correct responses across all subtests. Higher total scores indicate better memory performance and cognitive processing capacity. The assessment will be administered at baseline and after the 8-week intervention period. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Blaze Pod Reaction Time Score | The BlazePod system is a light-based interactive training and assessment tool used to evaluate visuomotor performance. The secondary outcome measure is the mean reaction time, recorded in milliseconds, representing the time elapsed between the visual stimulus and the participant's motor response. Shorter reaction time indicates faster visuomotor processing and motor response speed. Reaction time data will be collected digitally via the BlazePod mobile application. The assessment will be conducted at baseline and after the 8-week intervention period. |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gonca Ä°nce, Prof. | Cukurova University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine | Adana | 01170 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in publications will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author, subject to ethical approval and a data use agreement
Beginning after publication of the primary results
Data access will be provided upon reasonable request, subject to ethical approval and a data use agreement
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Nov 4, 2022 | Jan 2, 2026 | Prot_000.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001289 | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019958 | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
Not provided
Not provided
There are 3 groups involved in the study. Each of two of the groups joined two different kinds of exercise interventions, and the control group didnt involve any regular physical activity.
Not provided
Not provided
This was a single-blind study in which outcome assessors were blinded to group allocation
|
| Square Stepping Exercise | Other | The Square Stepping Exercise intervention consisted of step patterns performed on a gridded mat in group sessions,, requiring cognitive engagement through visuospatial processing, attention, working memory, and sequencing of movement patterns, and aiming to support cognitive functions." |
|
| Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Blaze Pod Number of Hits | The BlazePod system is a light-based interactive assessment tool used to evaluate visuomotor performance and response accuracy. The secondary outcome measure is the total number of correct responses (hits) recorded during the task. Hits represent the number of targets successfully activated within the predefined assessment duration. Higher hit counts indicate better visuomotor coordination and task performance. Performance data will be recorded digitally via the BlazePod mobile application. The assessment will be conducted at baseline and after the 8-week intervention period. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Blaze Pod Total Number of Errors | The BlazePod system is a light-based interactive assessment tool used to evaluate visuomotor performance during goal-directed motor tasks. The secondary outcome measure is the total error score, calculated as the sum of missed targets (miss hits) and incorrect responses (strikes) recorded during the assessment. The total error score is expressed as a numerical count. Lower error scores indicate better response accuracy and motor control. All performance data will be recorded digitally via the BlazePod mobile application. The assessment will be conducted at baseline and after the 8-week intervention period. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Conners Parent Rating Scale Total Score | The Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) is a standardized questionnaire used to assess behavioral symptoms associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, as reported by parents. The secondary outcome measure is the total score obtained from the scale, expressed in points based on parent responses to Likert-type items. Higher total scores indicate greater severity of ADHD-related behavioral symptoms. The assessment will be completed by parents at baseline and after the 8-week intervention period. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |