Intervention Arm:

Psychological Resilience Development Program for Phubbing

Control Arm

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an 8-module psychological resilience development program designed to address phubbing behaviors among participants. The program was structured to enhance individuals' capacity to cope with digital distractions and strengthen adaptive psychosocial skills in interpersonal contexts. The intervention aims to improve communication skills, increase psychological resilience levels, and reduce sociotelism tendencies by promoting mindful technology use, emotional regulation, and awareness of face-to-face interaction dynamics. The impact of the program is assessed through pre- and post-intervention measurements, allowing for a systematic examination of changes in participants' communication competencies, resilience capacities, and sociotelism levels following completion of the eight modules.

The Communication Skills Scale was developed by Fidan Korkut Owen and Aslı Bugay in 2014. The scale consists of 25 items organized into four subdimensions. Higher scores indicate higher levels of communication skills. For both the total scale and its subdimensions, mean item total scores are used.

The scale is a 5-point Likert-type instrument, rated as follows:

(1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Occasionally, 4 = Often, 5 = Always).

The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the Communication Skills Scale was found to be 0.88, indicating high internal consistency. Total scores range from 25 to 125, with higher scores reflecting more advanced communication skills

The four subdimensions of the scale and their corresponding item numbers are as follows:

1. Communication Relationships and Basic Skills
2. Self-Expression
3. Active Listening and Nonverbal Communication
4. Willingness to Communicate

Psychological resilience will be assessed using the Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults. The scale consists of 33 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Never to 5 = Always). Total scores range from 33 to 165, with higher scores indicating greater psychological resilience.

In this study, the Phubbing Behaviors Scale was used as the data collection instrument. The scale was originally developed by Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2018) and was adapted into Turkish by Derya Orhan Göksun (2019), who conducted its validity and reliability analyses. The scale consists of two sections and is rated on a 7-point Likert scale.

The first section is the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), which consists of 15 items grouped into four subdimensions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this section was 0.78. Total scores range from 15 to 105, calculated by summing the Likert-scale responses provided by the participants. All items in this section are negatively worded within the context of social norms and general acceptance; therefore, higher total scores indicate more negative outcomes, reflecting higher levels of phubbing behavior. In summary, as the total score increases, the the level of phubbing behavior also increases.