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This study compares two different anesthesia methods for upper arm and hand surgery: regional anesthesia (brachial plexus block) versus general anesthesia.
Regional anesthesia numbs only the arm being operated on by injecting local anesthetic near the nerves, while the patient remains awake or lightly sedated. General anesthesia puts the patient completely asleep using medications given through a breathing tube.
The main goals of this study are to compare:
Participants in this study will be randomly assigned to receive either brachial plexus block or general anesthesia for their scheduled upper extremity surgery. The research team will monitor participants during surgery and follow their recovery for 24 hours after the operation.
This research will help doctors and patients make better-informed decisions about which type of anesthesia may be best for upper extremity procedures.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brachial Plexus Block Group | Active Comparator | Patients receiving ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block for upper extremity surgery |
|
| General Anesthesia Group | Active Comparator | Patients receiving general anesthesia for upper extremity surgery |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brachial Plexus Block | Procedure | Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus block using local anesthetic (e.g., ropivacaine or bupivacaine). Block performed before surgery to provide regional anesthesia for upper extremity surgery. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Preoperative Anxiety Score | Preoperative anxiety measured immediately prior to operating room entry using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) scale. STAI-S is a validated 20-item questionnaire assessing current state anxiety. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety levels. | Immediately before operating room entry (preoperatively) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postoperative Pain Score | Pain intensity measured using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at multiple time points after surgery. VAS scores range from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates worst pain imaginable. Lower scores indicate better outcome. | From end of surgery to 24 hours postoperatively |
| Opioid Consumption |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adana City Training and Research Hospital | Adana | Adana | 01150 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D065527 | Brachial Plexus Block |
| D000768 | Anesthesia, General |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009407 | Nerve Block |
| D000765 | Anesthesia, Conduction |
| D000758 | Anesthesia |
| D000760 | Anesthesia and Analgesia |
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| General Anesthesia | Procedure | Standard general anesthesia with intravenous induction and maintenance with volatile anesthetics or total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask airway used as appropriate. |
|
Total opioid consumption measured as morphine equivalent dose (mg) during the postoperative period. All opioid medications administered were converted to morphine equivalents using standard conversion factors. Lower consumption indicates better outcome. |
| From end of surgery to 24 hours postoperatively |
| Number of Participants with Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) | Number of participants experiencing postoperative nausea and/or vomiting requiring antiemetic treatment during the postoperative period. PONV was defined as any episode of nausea or vomiting reported by the patient or requiring rescue antiemetic medication. | First 24 hours postoperatively |
| PACU Length of Stay | Duration of stay in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) measured in minutes, from admission to discharge readiness based on standardized discharge criteria (Aldrete score ≥9). Shorter stay indicates better recovery. | From PACU admission until discharge readiness (typically 0-4 hours postoperatively |
| Quality of Recovery (QoR-15) Score | Patient-reported quality of recovery assessed using the validated Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) questionnaire. QoR-15 is a 15-item instrument measuring five dimensions of recovery: physical comfort, emotional state, psychological support, physical independence, and pain. Each item is scored 0-10, with total scores ranging from 0 to 150. Higher scores indicate better quality of recovery. | 24 hours postoperatively |
| Patient Satisfaction Score | Overall patient satisfaction with anesthesia care measured using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 5, where 0 indicates completely dissatisfied and 5 indicates completely satisfied. Patients were asked to rate their overall satisfaction with the anesthesia experience. | 24 hours postoperatively |