This study aims to establish a novel personalized closed-loop NiBS/TMS therapeutic strategy and clinical protocol for children with Tic Disorders (TDs) through a series of scientific investigations. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate the underlying neural circuit mechanisms, enhance the therapeutic efficacy of TMS in pediatric TDs, and achieve precision neuromodulation for children with TDs.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 1: Children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years

  2: Meets DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Tic Disorders (TDs) with normal EEG findings

  3: No prior treatment received for TDs

  4: Full-scale intelligence quotient (FIQ) ≥70 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R)

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1: WISC-R Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FIQ) <70

  2: Presence of metal implants in the body ，Non-right-handedness

  3: Head movement (HM) >2mm during fMRI scanning, including both translational movement (TM) and rotational movement (RM)

  4: Any other neurological or psychiatric conditions, including but not limited to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), epilepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), etc

  5: Previous head trauma ，Neurological diseases ，Major systemic illnesses