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This study aims to test the impact of new-generation anti-diabetic drugs, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors, on the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The study hypothesizes that these drugs have protective effects in diabetic retinopathy by delaying its incidence compared to older agents (including metformin) only. Early intervention is critical, as treatment options for advanced stages of DR are limited in terms of their ability to restore impaired vision and their high associated costs. By focusing on delaying the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy, the investigators aim to reduce the burden of DR and improve the quality of life for diabetic patients.
This is a Cross-Sectional Study
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Classical Oral Anti-Diabetic Drugs | |||
| New-generation Oral Antidiabetic Drugs |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The level of diabetic retinopathy, measured using Optos Ultra-widefield (UWF) Retinal Imaging, reported as ICDR (International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy) score (0-4 scale). | Where 0 indicates no apparent diabetic retinopathy and 4 indicates proliferative diabetic retinopathy; higher scores indicate more severe (worse) diabetic retinopathy. | Assessed once per participant at baseline. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Glycemic control measured by HbA1c level using a standardized laboratory analyzer and reported in %. | Assessed once per participant at baseline. | |
| Renal function measured by serum creatinine level using a standardized laboratory analyzer and reported in mg/dL. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients are recruited from Ophthalmology and Diabetes clinics from Alexandria University Main Hospitals.
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sara A Belal | Contact | +201554630615 | phar-sara.belal@alexu.edu.eg |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandria University Main Hospitals - Diabetes clinics/ Ophthalmology clinics | Recruiting | Alexandria | Egypt |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28223445 | Background | Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, Sobrin L, Sun JK, VanderBeek BL, Wykoff CC, Gardner TW. Diabetic Retinopathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017 Mar;40(3):412-418. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2641. No abstract available. | |
| 38671190 | Background | O'Hara DV, Lam CSP, McMurray JJV, Yi TW, Hocking S, Dawson J, Raichand S, Januszewski AS, Jardine MJ. Applications of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond glycaemic control. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024 Aug;20(8):513-529. doi: 10.1038/s41581-024-00836-y. Epub 2024 Apr 26. |
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Biochemical analysis and images could be shared (Anonymous)
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D003930 | Diabetic Retinopathy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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Urine, Plasma, Serum
| Assessed once per participant at baseline. |
| Kidney damage status measured by UACR (Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio) using a standardized laboratory assay and reported as mg/g. | Assessed once per participant at baseline. |
| 25897358 | Background | Nentwich MM, Ulbig MW. Diabetic retinopathy - ocular complications of diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2015 Apr 15;6(3):489-99. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.489. |
| 27366724 | Background | Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jul-Aug;20(4):546-51. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.183480. |
| D012164 | Retinal Diseases |
| D005128 | Eye Diseases |
| D003925 | Diabetic Angiopathies |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D048909 | Diabetes Complications |