In China, the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases stem from chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and subsequent cirrhosis, with patients often presenting at the decompensated stage complicated by clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). CSPH not only limits treatment options and worsens prognosis but also leads to the frequent exclusion of such patients from pivotal clinical trials, resulting in a lack of high-level evidence for their management. Carvedilol, a non-selective beta-blocker, is a first-line therapy for portal hypertension. Emerging evidence suggests that this drug class may also modulate the tumor microenvironment and enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

To address this unmet need, this study aims to explore a novel quadruple-therapy strategy (TACE + tislelizumab + lenvatinib + carvedilol) for the treatment of unresectable HCC with concurrent cirrhotic portal hypertension. The rationale is twofold: while controlling portal hypertension and safeguarding treatment safety, carvedilol may also potentiate immunotherapy by modulating adrenergic signaling, thereby achieving dual benefits of "liver protection" and "anti-cancer" synergy. Utilizing an efficient Simon's two-stage design, this study will conduct a preliminary assessment of the regimen's efficacy and safety with minimal risk, providing essential data to inform future confirmatory research.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, and represents a particularly heavy disease burden in China. Notably, unlike in Western countries, the primary etiology of HCC in China is chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the resulting cirrhosis. The vast majority of Chinese HCC patients are diagnosed at the decompensated stage of cirrhosis. This condition not only provides the "soil" for tumorigenesis but also leads to a series of life-threatening complications such as portal hypertension, which severely limits treatment options and adversely affects patient prognosis.

HCC patients with underlying HBV-related cirrhosis frequently present with clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). Portal hypertension can lead to severe events such as esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Such patients are typically excluded from pivotal clinical trials, resulting in a lack of high-level evidence-based treatment strategies for this subgroup. Currently, there is no global treatment consensus specifically for this special population, creating a significant challenge in clinical decision-making. Regarding the pharmacological management of portal hypertension, non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs) are the cornerstone therapy. Among them, carvedilol, which blocks both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors and possesses mild α1-blocking activity, has been proven in multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to effectively reduce the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) . Both the Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Cirrhosis and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guidelines, as well as the Baveno VII International Consensus, recommend carvedilol as a first-line agent for the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis.

More intriguingly, recent research suggests that NSBBs may extend beyond their traditional role in lowering portal pressure to directly modulate the tumor microenvironment. Preclinical studies and retrospective analyses indicate that NSBBs (e.g., propranolol) can inhibit multiple pro-oncogenic signaling pathways and alleviate immunosuppression by blocking β2-adrenergic receptors, thereby potentially enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies) and creating a synergistic effect. However, the specific role and clinical value of this effect in HCC remain unknown and urgently require validation through prospective studies.

Based on the above background, this study aims to investigate a novel "quadruple" comprehensive treatment strategy, namely TACE + tislelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) + lenvatinib (a targeted agent) + carvedilol (an NSBB), for uHCC patients with concomitant cirrhotic portal hypertension.

The scientific rationale and innovative significance of this design are as follows:

1. It directly focuses on the large yet often trial-neglected population of HCC patients with portal hypertension in clinical practice, exploring an optimal treatment strategy for them.
2. Dual Benefit of "Liver Protection" and "Anti-Cancer": The addition of carvedilol primarily aims to control portal hypertension and prevent severe cirrhosis-related complications (e.g., bleeding), thereby safeguarding patients to safely receive intensive anti-tumor therapy and potentially expanding the patient population eligible for aggressive anti-Cancer": The addition of carvedilol primarily aims to control portal hypertension and prevent severe cirrhosis-related complications (e.g., bleeding), thereby safeguarding patients to safely receive intensive anti-tumor therapy and potentially expanding the patient population eligible for aggressive anti-cancer treatment.
3. Potential "Sensitization" Effect: We hypothesize that carvedilol may enhance the immunotherapeutic efficacy of tislelizumab by modulating adrenergic signaling pathways and improving the tumor immune microenvironment, achieving a synergistic anti-tumor effect where "1+1>2".
4. Exploring a Novel Regimen with Minimal Risk: Given the unknown safety and efficacy profile of this quadruple regimen, this study employs a Simon's two-stage design. This is an efficient and ethical single-arm study design that allows for futility analysis at an early stage. It enables a preliminary assessment of the rationale and potential of this combined strategy with minimal patient exposure risk and resource consumption, providing crucial preliminary evidence for subsequent confirmatory RCTs.

In summary, this study aims to address a pressing clinical challenge and explore an innovative treatment regimen with the multiple potential benefits of "liver protection," "pressure reduction," and "efficacy enhancement." It is anticipated to open new therapeutic avenues for patients with unresectable HCC complicated by cirrhotic portal hypertension.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 18-75 years.

• At least one radiologically measurable lesion according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 (tumor lesion long axis ≥10 mm on CT scan).

• Newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma without any prior treatment for HCC.

• Child-Pugh liver function score ≤ 7.

• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) of 0-1.

• Absence of severe organic diseases affecting major organs (e.g., heart, lung, brain).

• Compensated cirrhosis with clinically significant portal hypertension (meeting any one of the following criteria):

  1. Imaging evidence (ultrasound, CT, or MRI) of portosystemic collateral circulation.
  2. Endoscopic evidence of esophageal or gastric varices.
  3. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) >25 kPa; or LSM 20-25 kPa with platelet count <150×10⁹/L; or LSM 15-20 kPa with platelet count <110×10⁹/L.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Decompensated cirrhosis.
• Concurrent other malignancies or recurrent HCC.
• Any active, known, or suspected autoimmune disease.
• History of allergy to any component of PD-1 inhibitors, lenvatinib, or carvedilol.
• Severe concurrent medical conditions, including asthma, significant cardiac conduction block, and sinus bradycardia.
• Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; or active hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis B/C virus infection).
• Presence of tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava, hepatic vein, or main portal vein.