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Approximately 40% of children with ambulatory cerebral palsy have significant functional asymmetries in arm and hand function. Children with these significant functional asymmetries have difficulties using their more-affected (less preferred) arm and hand in daily activities, especially true in daily activities requiring bilateral hand and arm use. Recent research suggests that power mobility training provided via a ride-on toy may help to motivate these children to use their less preferred arm and hand. This research further notes that participation in power mobility training designed to encourage a child to use their less preferred arm and hand also may help to improve their arm and hand function and use in their daily activities. This exploratory study seeks to explore an innovative intervention using arm- and hand-use focused power mobility training activities, encompassing both navigational/maneuvering activities and embedded play-based reaching and grasping activities. During power mobility training activities, children will be asked to wear a soft mitten or sock on their preferred hand to help them remember to use their less preferred hand and arm.
The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine both the effect and feasibility of a 6-week laboratory-based arm-and hand-use focused power mobility training program.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arm- and hand-use focused power mobility training group | Experimental | These arm- and hand-use focused power mobility training activities will be provided via a ride-on toy and will encompass both navigational/maneuvering activities and play-based reaching and grasping activities embedded into the navigational/maneuvering activities. During power mobility training activities, children will be asked to wear a soft mitten or sock on their preferred hand to help them remember to use their less preferred hand and arm. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm- and hand-use focused power mobility training | Other | These arm- and hand-use focused power mobility training activities will encompass both navigational/maneuvering activities and play-based reaching and grasping activities embedded into the navigational/maneuvering activities. During power mobility training activities, children will be asked to wear a soft mitten or sock on their preferred hand to help them remember to use their less preferred hand and arm. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Canadian Occupational Performance Measure | The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure rates parent/caregiver perceptions of their child's performance of 5 arm and hand skills. Each skill is rated from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 10. A higher score indicates a better outcome. The total score on all 5 items ranges from a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 50. A higher score indicates a better outcome. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| ABILHAND-Kids-CP Questionnaire | The ABILHAND measures parents' perceptions of their child's manual ability and provides a comprehensive evaluation of the child's functional arm and hand ability. Parents estimate their child's ease or difficulty in performing 17 activities. Each activity is rated using a 3-point Likery scale as follows: 'Impossible=0, Difficult=1, Easy=2. Higher scores indicate a better outcome. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Shriner's Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation | The Shriner's Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluationis a 16-item video-recorded test to assess spontaneous use and dynamic alignment of the affected UE during bimanual tasks. Higher scores indicate better outcomes. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lisa K. Kenyon, PT, DPT, PhD, PCS | Contact | 616-331-5653 | kenyonli@gvsu.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lisa K. Kenyon, PT, DPT, PhD, PCS | Grand Valley State University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grand Valley State University | Recruiting | Grand Rapids | Michigan | 49504 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40689868 | Background | Srinivasan SM, Kataria K, Yorns W Jr, Moore TE, Yoo C, Kumavor PD, Morgan K, Friel K. A novel program including ride-on toys to improve upper extremity function in children with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2026 Jan;21(1):173-186. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2025.2534436. Epub 2025 Jul 21. | |
| 40587602 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002547 | Cerebral Palsy |
| D006429 | Hemiplegia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001925 | Brain Damage, Chronic |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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|
| Grip strength |
Children's grip strength will be measured bilaterally. Higher values indicate a better outcome. |
| From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks |
| Srinivasan S, Shahane V, Kumavor P, Morgan K, Friel K. Joystick-Operated Ride-On Toys as a Therapy Adjunct for a Child With Hemiplegia: A Case Report. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2025 Jul 1;37(3):371-379. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000001209. Epub 2025 Jun 27. |
| 36044637 | Background | Amonkar N, Kumavor P, Morgan K, Bubela D, Srinivasan S. Feasibility of Using Joystick-Operated Ride-on-Toys to Promote Upper Extremity Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2022 Oct 1;34(4):508-517. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000944. Epub 2022 Aug 30. |
| D010243 | Paralysis |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |