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Obesity is a major challenge for public health and renders it imperative to reduce its prevalence. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a form of exercise training that can efficiently induce weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity, even in the absence of dietary intake manipulation. Hybrid type training represents a form of HIIT, that incorporates both cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal stimuli, by combining multiple types of exercise into a circuit-type, interval style workout. Recent evidence suggests that long-term participation in hybrid HIIT results in significant health-related benefits. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the chronic effects of hybrid HIIT on cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal health remains to be elucidated.
A total number of 30 adults (both males and females) aged 30-50, meeting the inclusion criteria, will be enrolled in this study. Participants will be randomly assigned to either (i) a Control group or (ii) an Intervention group. The Intervention group will participate in three hybrid-type HIIT sessions per week over a 6-month period while receiving a balanced diet. The Control group will receive a balanced diet over the 6-month period but will not participate in exercise training. At baseline and 6 months, both groups will undergo assessment of their anthropometric profile, body composition, resting metabolic rate, muscle strength and cardiorespiratory capacity and provide resting blood and skeletal muscle samples.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Experimental | Participants in this arm will participate in three hybrid-type HIIT sessions per week over a 6-month period while receiving a balanced diet |
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| Control group | Active Comparator | Participants in this arm will receive a balanced diet over the 6-month period but will not participate in exercise training |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise training | Other | Participants will perform a six-month hybrid training program while receiving a balanced diet. The periodization of hybrid training intervention will consist of three 2-month phases of gradually increased exercise intensity and volume. In every training will participate 5-8 individuals. The training will contain 6-12 different exercises (stations), depending on the phase of the intervention, which will be executed in a circuit for a total of 2-3 rounds, with 2-3 minutes of rest period between sets (depending on the phase). The exercise execution will last 20-45 seconds, and the rest between them will last 30-60 seconds (depending on the phase), while the exercise intensity will range from 75 to 85% of maximal heart rate. The stations of hybrid training will contain multi-joint exercises or neuromuscular activation exercises using either body weight resistance or portable equipment. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in mitochondrial size | Mitochondrial size will be measured using transmission electron microscope | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in mitochondrial density | Mitochondrial density will be measured using transmission electron microscope | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in mitochondrial count | Mitochondrial count will be determined using transmission electron microscope | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in mitochondrial distribution | Mitochondrial distribution will be determined using transmission electron microscope | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) | Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) will be assessed during a cardiopulmonary exercise testing by using a portable indirect calorimetry system | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in muscle fiber cross-sectional area | Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (μm2) will be measured using immunohistochemical staining for myosin heavy chain | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in PAX7+ satellite cells count | PAX7+ satellite cells will be determined using immunohistochemistry techniques. | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in density and distribution of capillaries | Capillarization will be determined using immunohistochemistry techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in skeletal muscle fiber typing |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ioannis G Fatouros, Professor | Contact | 24310 47047 | 0030 | ifatouros@pe.uth.gr |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Physical Education and Sport Science Trikala, University of Thessaly | Recruiting | Trikala | Thessaly | 42100 | Greece |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Control group | Other | Participants will receive a balanced diet but will not participate in any type of exercise training over a six month period. |
|
| Change in total protein content | Total protein content (total RNA) will be determined in skeletal muscle tissue using real time quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-PCR) technique | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in myonuclei content | Myonuclei content will be determined in skeletal muscle tissue using immunohistochemistry techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator -1a (PGC-1a) expression | PGC-1a expression in skeletal muscle tissue will be assessed using immunoblotting techniques. | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes activity | Krebs cycle enzymes activity will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in protein expression of respiratory chain complexes | Protein expression of respiratory chain complexes will be determined using immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in cytochrome C oxidase amount and expression | Cytochrome C oxidase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in ATP synthase amount and expression | ATP synthase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in citrate synthase amount and expression | Citrate synthase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in succinate dehydrogenase amount and expression | Succinate dehydrogenase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in NADH dehydrogenase amount and expression | NADH dehydrogenase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate | Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in spare respiratory capacity | Spare respiratory capacity will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in mitochondrial maximal respiration | Maximal mitochondrial respiration will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in mitochondrial basal respiration | Mitochondrial basal respiration will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in non-mitochondrial respiration | Non-mitochondrial respiration will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in body fat percentage | Body fat percentage will be assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in diastolic arterial pressure | Diastolic blood pressure will be measured using a sphygmomanometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
Fiber typing will be determined using immunohistochemistry techniques
| At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in GLUT-4 protein expression | GLUT-4 protein expression will be assessed using immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change reduced glutathione content in skeletal muscle cells | Reduced glutathione content will be determined spectrophotometrically | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in glutathione peroxidase activity in skeletal muscle cells | Glutathione peroxidase activity will be determined spectrophotometrically | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in glutathione reductase activity in skeletal muscle cells | Glutathione reductase activity will be determined spectrophotometrically | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in superoxide dismutase activity in skeletal muscle cells | Superoxide dismutase activity will be determined spectrophotometrically | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in fasting glucose levels | Fasting glucose levels will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in fasting insulin levels | Fasting insulin levels will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in glycosylated hemoglobin levels | Glycosylated hemoglobin levels will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels | HDL will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels | LDL will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in total cholesterol levels | Total cholesterol will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in triglyceride levels | Triglycerides will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in general blood count | General blood count will be measured on a hematology analyzer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels | Erythrocyte GSH levels will be determined spectrophotometrically | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in erythrocyte oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels | Erythrocyte GSSG levels will be determined spectrophotometrically | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in myostatin expression | Myostatin expression will be assessed using immunoblotting techniques | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change cortisol concentration | Blood cortisol concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in testosterone concentration | Blood testosterone concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in growth hormone concentration | Blood growth hormone concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration | Blood IGF-1 concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in body mass | Body mass will be measured on a beam scale | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in bone density | Bone density will be assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in fat-free mass | Fat-free mass will be assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in waist circumference | Waist circumference will be measured using a Gullick II tape | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in hip circumference | Hip circumference will be measured using a Gullick II tape | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in resting heart rate | Heart rate will be measured using a heart rate monitor | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) | RMR will be measured using indirect calorimetry | At baseline and at 6 months |
| Change in systolic arterial pressure | Systolic blood pressure will be measured using a sphygmomanometer | At baseline and at 6 months |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
| D008722 | Methods |