Participants in this group received standard care plus a mobile application-based education program designed for patients with tracheostomy. The program included educational videos focusing on tracheostomy care, psychosocial support, and postoperative recovery.

Participants in this group received standard postoperative care without access to the mobile application-based education program.

A structured education program delivered via a mobile application for patients with tracheostomy. The program included educational videos focusing on tracheostomy care, and postoperative recovery. Participants accessed the content throughout the postoperative period in addition to standard care.

Depression level was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. The Beck Depression Inventory is a 21-item self-report questionnaire used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. Total scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater severity of depressive symptoms

Social adaptation was assessed using the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale. The Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale is a self-report instrument designed to evaluate social functioning and adaptation. Total scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating better social adaptation and functioning

Quality of recovery was assessed using the Quality of Recovery-40 (QoR-40) questionnaire. The Quality of Recovery-40 is a validated questionnaire assessing postoperative recovery across five dimensions: emotional state, physical comfort, psychological support, physical independence, and pain. Total scores range from 40 to 200, with higher scores indicating better quality of recovery

Swallowing function was assessed using the Turkish version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (T-EAT-10).The Turkish Version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 is a self-administered questionnaire used to assess symptoms of dysphagia. Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating more severe swallowing difficulties