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This study investigated the effect of showing cartoons or playing music during the procedure on the physiological parameters of pain and fear experienced by children aged 6-12 undergoing tooth extraction treatment.
Pediatric patients are frequently exposed to medical procedures that can cause pain and anxiety. While pharmacological interventions may be used, distraction is a simple and effective technique that diverts children's attention away from distressing stimuli. Distraction is a non-pharmacological pain management technique widely used by healthcare professionals during procedures to reduce pain and distress. It is based on the assumption that by shifting the child's attention to something interesting, their ability to pay attention to painful stimuli is inhibited, thereby reducing pain, distress, and anxiety. However, there are no published studies examining the effect of watching cartoons, listening to music, and the tell-show-do approach during tooth extraction on the physiological parameters, pain, and anxiety of children aged 6-12 years.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimantal Group: Cartoon Group | Experimental | In this group of 20 children, cartoons were shown during the tooth extraction procedure. Before the procedure began, the child's vital signs (heart rate and blood oxygen level), pain level, and fear level were measured. The child watched their chosen cartoon during the procedure. Vital signs and pain level were measured again during the procedure. One minute after the procedure was completed, the child's vital signs, pain level, and fear level were measured again. |
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| Experimantal Group: Music Group | Experimental | In this group of 20 children, music was played during the tooth extraction procedure. Before the procedure began, the child's vital signs (heart rate and blood oxygen level), pain level, and fear level were measured. The music chosen by the child was played during the procedure. Vital signs and pain level were measured again during the procedure, and again 1 minute after the procedure was completed. |
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| Control Group | Other | The control group consisted of 20 children who underwent the routine procedure. One minute before the procedure, the child's vital signs (heart rate and blood oxygen level), pain level, and fear level were measured. Vital signs and pain level were measured again during the procedure. One minute after the procedure was completed, the child's vital signs, pain level, and fear level were measured again. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cartoon viewing app | Other | Before starting the study, a compilation of children's favorite cartoons specific to their age group was prepared. Based on randomization, children in this group were asked before the procedure which cartoon they would like to watch. During the procedure, a tablet was placed in a position where the child could easily see it. The cartoon started being shown one minute before the procedure. Uninterrupted viewing was ensured throughout the procedure. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Child Identification Information Form | This form was created by researchers based on the literature to determine the identifying characteristics (age, gender, type and duration of treatment, etc.) of a child undergoing dental treatment. | Five minutes before the procedure |
| Physiological Parameter Follow-up Form (Heart rate-min) | This is a form developed by researchers to assess the pulse and oxygen saturation of a child undergoing treatment. | Tooth extraction 1 minute ago |
| Physiological Parameter Follow-up Form (oxygen saturation -SpO2%) | This is a form developed by researchers to assess the pulse and oxygen saturation of a child undergoing treatment. | Tooth extraction 1 minute ago |
| Wong Baker Facial Pain Rating Scale | The Wong Baker Facial Rating Scale is one of the scales used to assess pain. This scale consists of six facial expressions, rated from 0 to 10 according to the severity of the pain. | Tooth extraction 1 minute ago |
| Child Fear Assessment Scale-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) | The CFSS-DS scale consists of 15 questions covering different aspects of dental treatment. It can be used with children aged 4-14 years. It is used to determine children's fear of tooth extraction. | Tooth extraction 1 minute ago |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Physiological Parameter Follow-up Form (Heart rate-min | This is a form developed by researchers to assess the pulse and oxygen saturation of a child undergoing treatment. | 5th minute of the process |
| Physiological Parameter Follow-up Form (oxygen saturation -SpO2%) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sibel Kucukoglu | Selcuk University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selcuk University | Konya | 42130 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21925588 | Result | Koller D, Goldman RD. Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: a critical review of pediatric research. J Pediatr Nurs. 2012 Dec;27(6):652-81. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2011.08.001. Epub 2011 Oct 13. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000377 | Agnosia |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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The G*Power 3.1.9.2 program was used to calculate the sample size for the study. The G*Power 3.1.9.6 program was used for the prior sample size calculation. Anticipating potential losses, the sample size was increased by approximately 20%, and the study was planned to be conducted with 20 children in each group.
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| Music intervention | Other | Before starting the study, a list of children's favorite music specific to their age group was compiled. Children in this group were randomly assigned to listen to which music from this list before the procedure. Wireless headphones were placed on the child before the procedure. Music began playing one minute prior to the procedure. The child was allowed to listen to music continuously throughout the procedure. |
|
| control group | Other | No interventions were performed on the children in this group outside of routine practice. |
|
This is a form developed by researchers to assess the pulse and oxygen saturation of a child undergoing treatment. |
| 5th minute of the process |
| Wong Baker Facial Pain Rating Scale | The Wong Baker Facial Rating Scale is one of the scales used to assess pain. This scale consists of six facial expressions, rated from 0 to 10 according to the severity of the pain. | 5th minute of the process |
| Physiological Parameter Follow-up Form (Heart rate-min) | This is a form developed by researchers to assess the pulse and oxygen saturation of a child undergoing treatment. | 1 minute after the procedure |
| Physiological Parameter Follow-up Form (oxygen saturation -SpO2%) | This is a form developed by researchers to assess the pulse and oxygen saturation of a child undergoing treatment. | 1 minute after the procedure |
| Wong Baker Facial Pain Rating Scale | The Wong Baker Facial Rating Scale is one of the scales used to assess pain. This scale consists of six facial expressions, rated from 0 to 10 according to the severity of the pain. | 1 minute after the procedure |
| Child Fear Assessment Scale-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) | The CFSS-DS scale consists of 15 questions covering different aspects of dental treatment. It can be used with children aged 4-14 years. It is used to determine a child's fear of tooth extraction. | 1 minute after the procedure |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D008722 | Methods |