The goal of this study is to determine whether a multimodal sleep pathway can enhance sleep quality in hospitalized patients with orthopedic trauma. It will also evaluate the effect of this pathway on opioid use and pain perception during recovery.

The main study questions are:

• Does the multimodal sleep pathway improve sleep quality and duration?
• Does the pathway reduce the amount of opioids patients use during hospitalization?
• Does improved sleep reduce pain interference with daily activities?

Researchers will compare the multimodal sleep pathway to standard postoperative care to see if the pathway helps patients sleep better and rely less on opioids.

Participants will:

• Receive either the multimodal sleep pathway (zolpidem, melatonin, and sleep hygiene education) or standard care
• Wear a wrist-worn actigraphy device to track sleep during their hospital stay
• Complete daily questionnaires about sleep quality and pain

Post-surgical orthopedic trauma patients frequently experience significant sleep disturbances, including reduced sleep quality, increased nighttime awakenings, and shortened sleep duration. Sleep and pain have a bidirectional relationship in which poor sleep increases pain sensitivity, and higher pain levels further disrupt sleep. Experimental sleep-restriction studies have shown that pain perception increases after only two nights of partial sleep deprivation and continues to worsen with each additional night. Despite these established interactions, objective sleep metrics have not been well characterized in the orthopedic trauma inpatient population, where postoperative pain, environmental disruptions, and medication use may all contribute to sleep disturbance.

Sleep patterns are also influenced by psychoactive substances, including opioids. Substance use and sleep-wake regulation share overlapping neurobiological pathways, and disruptions in circadian rhythms can occur during substance use, withdrawal, or detoxification. Although the mechanisms by which opioids alter sleep architecture are not fully understood, prior studies have shown that opioid exposure reduces restorative sleep stages, including deep sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while increasing lighter stage-2 sleep. These changes may contribute to fragmented sleep and impaired recovery in postoperative patients who rely on opioids for pain management.

Non-opioid strategies have shown promise in improving sleep quality in hospitalized and postoperative patient populations. Behavioral approaches such as relaxation techniques, stimulus control, and structured sleep hygiene have been associated with improvements in sleep duration and continuity. Pharmacologic alternatives, including zolpidem and melatonin, have demonstrated benefit in orthopedic and general adult populations by supporting sleep initiation, circadian regulation, and overall sleep quality.

This study builds on these findings through two complementary aims. Aim 1 analyzes previously collected actigraphy and survey data from a randomized controlled trial of adults with isolated orthopedic injuries (NCT04154384). In that study, participants wore wrist-worn actigraphy devices during hospitalization and completed validated sleep and pain assessments at baseline and postoperative follow-up visits. Preliminary analyses indicate that patients experience short, fragmented sleep and that higher opioid utilization may be associated with decreased sleep quantity and quality. Further analysis is needed to characterize these relationships using objective sleep metrics and detailed opioid timing and dosing data.

Aim 2 evaluates a multimodal sleep pathway designed to improve sleep quality and reduce opioid use during inpatient recovery. In a prospective randomized controlled trial, participants are assigned to receive either standard postoperative care or a sleep pathway that includes low-dose zolpidem, melatonin, and structured sleep hygiene education. The intervention begins on the first postoperative night and continues daily until discharge. Sleep outcomes are assessed using daily subjective questionnaires and continuous wrist actigraphy. Opioid consumption is recorded and converted to morphine milligram equivalents to allow standardized comparison. Pain perception is measured using validated patient-reported tools. Feasibility outcomes include recruitment, adherence to the intervention, actigraphy wear compliance, and retention through discharge. Safety monitoring includes assessment for medication-related side effects and actigraphy-related discomfort.

Together, these aims will provide foundational data on the relationship between opioid use and sleep quality in orthopedic trauma patients and will evaluate whether a structured multimodal sleep intervention can improve sleep and reduce reliance on opioids during hospitalization. Findings will inform the design of future larger-scale trials aimed at optimizing sleep and recovery in this population.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Hospitalized with an isolated lower extremity orthopedic injury requiring surgical intervention.
• Expected hospital stay of at least 3 days.
• No known pre-existing sleep disorders.
• No current use of sleep aids, such as zolpidem or melatonin, before hospitalization

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants with a history of chronic opioid use prior to hospitalization.
• Pre-existing diagnosed sleep disorders (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia).
• Contraindications to zolpidem or melatonin use (e.g., allergies, interactions with other medications).
• Cognitive impairment or inability to comply with study procedures.
• Severe traumatic brain injury or other neurological conditions that may affect sleep or pain perception.
• Participants receiving mechanical ventilation or sedatives that significantly affect sleep architecture.

The study team will share all non-protected data upon request.

Upon completion of the study.

Reaching out to the PI.