Aerobic, strengthening and balance exercises without cognitive training- name: Experimental group 2 (EXP2)

The control group will receive only educational material in the form of a flyer, outlining the importance and potential benefits of physical activity, along with general lifestyle recommendations, without participating in the structured exercise intervention- name: Control group (CG)

The test consists of six subtests, each targeting a specific cognitive domain:

1. Prospective Memory:(Score range: 0-2 points)
2. Verbal Short-Term Memory: (Score range: 0-8 points)
3. Verbal Long-Term Memory : (Score range: 0-8 points)
4. Working Memory (Backward Digit Span): (Score range: 0-12 points)
5. Verbal Fluency: (Score = number of correct words produced)
6. Inductive Reasoning: (Score range: 0-8 points)

Each subtest yields an individual score, which are combined into a total composite score using a weighted formula reflecting the relative contribution of each domain to overall cognition:

Total COGTEL score =(7.2 × Prospective Memory) + (1.0 × Verbal Short-Term Memory) + (0.9 × Verbal Long-Term Memory) + (0.8 × Working Memory) + (0.2 × Verbal Fluency) + (1.7 × Inductive Reasoning) Higher score indicates better cognitive performance while lower scores indicate impairment Administration time: ≈ 10-15 minutes

The Stroop test is a sensitive index of executive function and attention. During the task, the participant is required to name the color of the ink in which a word is printed rather than read the word itself.

Total number of correct responses within a set time limit (60 seconds), and number of errors (including self-corrections and uncorrected errors) are calculated.

Higher scores indicate better executive control, while lower or negative scores suggest difficulty inhibiting automatic responses.

Administration time: ≈5-10 minutes

The Hand Grip Strength Test is a widely used assessment of upper limb muscle strength, particularly of the forearm and hand flexor muscles. The test measures maximum isometric grip force, which reflects not only upper limb strength but also overall muscle function.The participant holds the dynamometer and squeezes as hard as possible for 3-5 seconds. Three trials are performed per hand, with 30-60 seconds of rest between trials. The mean score of the three trials (kg) are reported for each hand. Results are compared to age- and sex-specific normative data.

Administration time: ≈ 3- 5 minutes

The 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test (also known as the 30-Second Chair Stand Test) is a simple, reliable measure of lower limb strength, endurance, and functional mobility. Participant sits in the middle of the chair, back straight, feet flat on the floor, shoulder-width apart, and arms crossed over the chest. On the command "Go," the participant stands up fully and sits down as many times as possible within 30 seconds. The participant must fully extend the knees and hips when standing and sit back fully each time. Partial stands do not count. The assessor counts the number of completed stands within 30 seconds. More repetitions indicate better lower-body strength and endurance. Scores below age- and sex-specific norms indicate reduced lower-body strength and increased fall risk.

Administration time: ≈2-3 minutes

The Falls Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I) is a standardized self-report questionnaire designed to assess an individual's concern or fear of falling during various everyday activities. The original FES-I includes 16 items, each describing a common daily activity. Participants rate their concern about falling while performing each activity, regardless of whether they actually do it. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale: 1 (Not at all concerned)-4 (Very concerned). Total Score: 16-64 points. Higher scores indicate greater concern about falling and lower confidence in performing activities safely.

Administration time: ≈10 minutes

The 6-Minute Walk Test is a widely used test to assess functional exercise capacity. It measures the distance an individual can walk on a flat, hard surface in six minutes. The participant is instructed to walk as far as possible for 6 minutes, at their own pace, without running. They may slow down, stop, and rest if necessary, but should resume walking as soon as they are able. Standardized encouragements are given at each minute (e.g., "You are doing well. Keep up the good work"). The total distance walked in meters is recorded at the end of 6 minutes.

Total administration time: ≈ 10-15 minutes (including preparation and recovery)

The TUG test measures functional mobility, specifically the time it takes for a person to rise from a chair, walk a short distance, turn, return, and sit down again. The participant begins seated in a standard armchair (seat height ≈ 45 cm).

On the command "Go," the participant must: Stand up from the chair,Walk 3 meters (10 feet) at a comfortable and safe pace,Turn around,Walk back to the chair, and sit down again.The timer starts when the participant's back leaves the chair and stops when they sit down again. Lower times indicate better functional mobility. Higher times suggest mobility impairment and increased fall risk.

Test duration: ≈ 3-5 minutes

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is a standardized test used to assess lower extremity function, mobility, and physical performance in older adults. The SPPB consists of three main components, each assessing a different aspect of lower-body performance: Standing Balance Test, Gait Speed Test, Chair Stand Test. Each of the three components is scored on a 0-4 scale, based on performance time or ability. Component scores (0-4) are summed to give a total score (0-12). Higher scores indicate better functional performance, while lower scores reflect greater functional limitation.

Test duration: ≈ 10minutes

The EARS is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure how well individuals adhere to prescribed exercise programs. The EARS comprises three sections (A, B, and C) though the primary adherence measurement is in Section B.

Section A: Captures qualitative information about the prescribed exercise (type, frequency) as given by the healthcare provider.

Section B: Contains 6 items that assess exercise adherence behavior. Section C: Contains 10 items related to reasons for non-adherence (barriers and facilitators).

The 6 adherence items of Section B are each scored on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = "strongly agree" to 4 = "strongly disagree".

The sum of the 6 items yields a raw adherence score ranging from 0 to 24. A higher score indicates better adherence to the prescribed exercise protocol. Total administration time (including instructions): ≈5 minutes

The WoFi-Brief is a shortened version of the WoFi (Word Finding) questionnaire, which is used to assess difficulties in word retrieval. The WoFi-Brief consists of 16 items and is designed to efficiently evaluate an individual's word-finding ability. Each item is rated on a Likert-type scale that reflects the frequency or severity of word-finding problems. Scores are summed to yield a total score, with higher scores indicating greater perceived word-finding difficulty.

Administration time: ≈5 minutes

Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease- CERAD constructional praxis (CP) and constructional praxis recall are subtests of the CERAD neuropsychological battery designed to assess visuospatial abilities and memory. The CP copying task involves the patient copying 4 geometric figures, while the CP recall task assesses the patient's ability to remember and reproduce these same figures after a delay. Performance is scored on an 11-point scale based on standardized criteria evaluating the accuracy, proportionality, spatial organization, and completeness of each drawing. Higher scores indicate better visuospatial performance.

Administration time: ≈5-10 minutes

The Geriatric Depression Scale, 15-item version (GDS-15), is a widely used self-report screening instrument designed to assess depressive symptoms in older adults. It consists of 15 yes/no items that evaluate mood, motivation, energy, and cognitive-emotional symptoms associated with depression. Scoring is conducted by assigning 1 point to each response indicative of depressive symptomatology, resulting in a total score that ranges from 0 to 15.Higher scores indicate greater severity of depressive symptomatology.

Administration time: ≈5 minutes

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-12 (NPI-12) is a structured, informant-based assessment designed to measure the presence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms in individuals with neurocognitive disorders. The instrument evaluates 12 neuropsychiatric domains: delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression/dysphoria, anxiety, euphoria/elation, apathy/indifference, disinhibition, irritability/lability, aberrant motor behavior, sleep disturbances, and appetite/eating changes. For each domain endorsed, the informant rates frequency (1-4) and severity (1-3). The domain score is calculated by multiplying frequency and severity, yielding values from 1 to 12 per domain. A separate caregiver distress rating (0-5) is also obtained for each domain to quantify the emotional impact on the caregiver. Total NPI-12 scores are derived by summing all domain scores, with higher scores reflecting greater neuropsychiatric symptom burden.

Administration time: ≈10 to 20 minutes