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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different toothpaste formulations on oral malodor in young adults, addressing the lack of clinical evidence regarding propolis- and probiotic-containing toothpastes, which have predominantly been investigated in mouthrinse, tablet, or chewing gum formulations.
Volunteers aged 18-30 years with baseline organoleptic assessment (OA) and Breath Checker® (BC) scores >0 were randomized into four toothpaste groups: propolis-containing (Glimo Beta), probiotic-containing (Glimo Pi), phosphate-based (Glimo Gamma), and a standard fluoride toothpaste (Sensodyne). Allocation concealment was ensured using identical coded containers, and outcome assessors were blinded. After exclusions, 52 participants completed the study. Oral malodor was evaluated at baseline (T0) and Day 14 (T1) using OA, BC measurements, and self-perceived oral malodor scores.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Propolis containing toothpaste | Experimental | Participants in this arm used propolis containing toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period. |
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| probiotic containing toothpaste | Experimental | Participants in this arm used probiotic containing toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period. |
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| Phosphate-based formulation toothpaste | Experimental | Participants in this arm used phosphate-based formulation toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period. |
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| Standard fluoride | Experimental | Participants in this arm used standard fluoride containing toothpaste twice daily for routine oral hygiene during the study period. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propolis Containing Toothpaste | Other | Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using propolis toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in oral malodor severity | Oral malodor was assessed using an organoleptic scoring method and a portable breath checker device. The change in scores from baseline to the end of the intervention period was evaluated. | Baseline and Day 14 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
• No systemic diseases or medications known to cause halitosis
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cankiri Karatekin University | Çankırı | Merkez | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Individual participant data will not be shared publicly due to privacy and ethical considerations.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006209 | Halitosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012817 | Signs and Symptoms, Digestive |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| Probiotic containing toothpaste | Other | Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using probiotic toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene. |
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| Phosphate-based formulation toothpaste | Other | Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using Phosphate-based formulation toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene. |
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| Standard fluoride toothpaste | Other | Participants were instructed to brush their teeth using standard fluoride toothpaste twice daily (morning and evening) for 14 days as part of their routine oral hygiene. |
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