This retrospective observational study aims to evaluate cochlear anatomy, surgical challenges, and strategic approaches for safe cochlear implantation in pediatric patients with CHARGE syndrome. CHARGE syndrome is frequently associated with complex temporal bone malformations, which may increase the risk of intraoperative complications and limit the applicability of standard surgical techniques.

The investigators reviewed preoperative imaging findings, operative records, and perioperative clinical data from pediatric patients with CHARGE syndrome who underwent cochlear implantation at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The objective of this study is to identify anatomical variations, characterize surgical difficulties, and describe practical surgical strategies that may enhance safety during cochlear implantation in this high-risk population.

The findings of this study are expected to contribute to improved understanding of cochlear and temporal bone anatomy in CHARGE syndrome and to support safer and more effective surgical planning for affected pediatric patients.

This retrospective observational study evaluates surgical strategies and safety profiles of cochlear implantation in pediatric patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome. Medical records, preoperative imaging studies (CT and/or MRI), and operative reports were retrospectively reviewed to assess cochlear and temporal bone anatomy, surgical challenges, and intraoperative findings.

The study focuses on identifying anatomical variations commonly encountered in CHARGE syndrome and describing practical surgical approaches used to manage complex inner ear and temporal bone malformations. No interventions were assigned as part of this observational study.

• Inclusion Criteria

  • Pediatric patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome
  • Underwent cochlear implantation at Seoul National University Bundang hospital
  • Availability of preoperative imaging (CT and/or MRI)
  • Complete operative records available

• Exclusion Criteria -Patients with CHARGE syndrome who did not undergo cochlear implantation

The study population consists of pediatric patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome who underwent cochlear implantation at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. These patients typically present with complex inner ear and temporal bone malformations, including cochlear hypoplasia, semicircular canal anomalies, and aberrant facial nerve courses. All participants included in this retrospective review had available preoperative imaging (CT and/or MRI) and complete operative records.

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared because this study involves a small cohort of pediatric patients with CHARGE syndrome, a rare condition in which the risk of re-identification is high even after de-identification. The dataset includes sensitive clinical details, imaging findings, and operative records that cannot be safely disclosed under institutional privacy and ethical policies