Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance is frequently underutilized, and currently available biomarkers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), demonstrate suboptimal diagnostic performance. This prospective study aims to evaluate a simplified multivariate index, the GAAD score-comprising gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II)-for its ability to improve the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease.
The study hypothesizes that incorporation of the GAAD score into standard HCC surveillance strategies will improve diagnostic performance compared with existing surveillance modalities alone and may provide evidence to support its inclusion in future clinical practice guidelines.
Surveillance and early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) increase the likelihood of potentially curative treatment. However, HCC surveillance remains substantially underutilized, even in countries with adequate healthcare resources. Early-stage HCC can be treated with curative intent using local ablation, surgical resection, or liver transplantation.
The role of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in HCC surveillance varies across international guidelines. AFP is recommended for surveillance by the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL), considered optional by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), and not recommended by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). Similar considerations have informed recommendations for combined use of AFP with ultrasound (US) in HCC surveillance by the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for the Prevention, Care and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis (references 1-4).
AFP has demonstrated suboptimal performance as a serologic surveillance marker for HCC. Serum AFP levels may fluctuate in patients with cirrhosis due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity, exacerbations of underlying liver disease, or the development of HCC, thereby limiting its diagnostic accuracy.
Recently, the GALAD score-a multivariable model incorporating gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II)-has been proposed as an alternative approach to improve HCC detection and has demonstrated strong diagnostic performance in patients with cirrhotic HCC. A simplified version of this model, the GAAD score (Roche Diagnostics International Ltd., Rotkreuz, Switzerland), which includes gender, age, AFP, and PIVKA-II, has been shown to achieve comparable diagnostic performance in preliminary analyses (Piratvisuth et al., 2023, submitted).
However, the existing evidence supporting the use of the GALAD and GAAD scores is primarily derived from retrospective and/or case-control studies. Prospective validation in real-world surveillance settings remains limited. This study is therefore designed to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of the GAAD score, alone and in combination with standard surveillance modalities, in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing routine HCC surveillance.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| GAAD Score | Other | All enrolled participants will undergo standard hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance consisting of blood sampling and abdominal ultrasound performed every 6 months for a total follow-up period of 24 months. Blood samples will be analyzed for serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) to calculate the GAAD score, a multivariable index incorporating gender, age, AFP, and PIVKA-II. A GAAD score ≥ 2.57 will trigger a recall procedure, defined as diagnostic evaluation with multiphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver. This recall procedure is conducted in addition to standard surveillance recall criteria, which include detection of a suspicious hepatic lesion measuring ≥ 1 cm on ultrasound or elevated or rising serum AFP levels (≥ 20 ng/mL). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAAD score | Diagnostic Test | All enrolled participants will undergo standard hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance, consisting of blood sampling and abdominal ultrasound performed every 6 months for a total follow-up period of 24 months. Blood samples will be analyzed for serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) to calculate the GAAD score, a multivariable index incorporating gender, age, AFP, and PIVKA-II. A GAAD score of ≥ 2.57 will trigger a recall procedure, defined as further diagnostic evaluation using multiphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver. This recall procedure is performed in addition to standard surveillance recall criteria, which include detection of a suspicious hepatic lesion measuring ≥ 1 cm on ultrasound or elevated or rising serum AFP levels (≥ 20 ng/mL). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| True Positive Rate (Sensitivity) of Ultrasound, AFP, and GAAD Score as Standalone Surveillance Modalities | To evaluate the true positive rate (sensitivity) of Ultrasound, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and the GAAD score when used individually for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance. Sensitivity will be calculated for each modality separately by comparing surveillance results with the reference standard diagnosis of HCC. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| False Positive Rate of Ultrasound, AFP, and GAAD Score as Standalone Surveillance Modalities | To evaluate the false positive rate of Ultrasound, serum AFP, and the GAAD score when used individually for HCC surveillance. The false positive rate will be calculated for each modality separately based on surveillance results compared with the reference standard diagnosis. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| True Positive Rate (Sensitivity) of Combined Ultrasound + GAAD Score for HCC Surveillance | To evaluate the true positive rate (sensitivity) of the combined Ultrasound and GAAD score strategy for HCC surveillance. A positive surveillance result will be defined according to the prespecified combination criteria (e.g., either test positive or both tests positive, as defined in the protocol). Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| False Positive Rate of Combined Ultrasound + GAAD Score for HCC Surveillance | To evaluate the false positive rate of the combined Ultrasound and GAAD score strategy for HCC surveillance, using the reference standard diagnosis of HCC. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| True Positive Rate (Sensitivity) of Combined Ultrasound + AFP for HCC Surveillance |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of GAAD Compared With Ultrasound, AFP, and PIVKA-II | o compare the overall discriminative ability of the GAAD algorithm with Ultrasound, serum AFP, and serum PIVKA-II for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Performance will be assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), stratified by HCC stage and underlying liver disease etiology. Unit of Measure: AUC (unitless) |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tawesak Tanwandee, MD | Siriraj Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Tawesak Tanwandee, MD | Siriraj Hospital | Study Director |
| Tawesak Tanwandee, MD | Siriraj Hospital | Study Chair |
| Tawesak Tanwandee | Siriraj Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital | Bangkoknoi | Bangkok | 10700 | Thailand |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29425931 | Result | Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, Parikh ND, Marrero JA, Yopp A, Waljee AK, Singal AG. Surveillance Imaging and Alpha Fetoprotein for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis: A Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2018 May;154(6):1706-1718.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.064. Epub 2018 Feb 6. | |
| 31712073 | Result |
Not provided
Not provided
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the policy of the institutes.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Oct 17, 2025 | Dec 21, 2025 | Prot_000.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005355 | Fibrosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
GAAD score
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
To evaluate the true positive rate (sensitivity) of the combined Ultrasound and serum AFP strategy for HCC surveillance, based on predefined combination criteria. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) |
| Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| False Positive Rate of Combined Ultrasound + AFP for HCC Surveillance | To evaluate the false positive rate of the combined Ultrasound and serum AFP strategy for HCC surveillance, compared with the reference standard diagnosis of HCC. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Sensitivity and Specificity of GAAD Compared With Ultrasound, AFP, and PIVKA-II | To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the GAAD algorithm with Ultrasound, serum AFP, and serum PIVKA-II for HCC surveillance. Sensitivity and specificity will be calculated separately for each modality and stratified by HCC stage and etiology. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of GAAD Compared With Ultrasound, AFP, and PIVKA-II | To compare the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the GAAD algorithm with Ultrasound, serum AFP, and serum PIVKA-II for HCC surveillance, stratified by HCC stage and etiology. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of Combined Ultrasound + AFP | To evaluate the discriminative performance of the combined Ultrasound and serum AFP strategy for HCC surveillance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), stratified by HCC stage and etiology. Unit of Measure: AUC (unitless) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Sensitivity and Specificity of Combined Ultrasound + AFP | To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the combined Ultrasound and serum AFP strategy for HCC surveillance, stratified by HCC stage and etiology. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of Combined Ultrasound + AFP | To evaluate the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the combined Ultrasound and serum AFP strategy for HCC surveillance, stratified by HCC stage and etiology. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Longitudinal Changes in AFP Levels Prior to HCC Diagnosis | To assess longitudinal changes in serum Elecsys AFP concentrations preceding an HCC diagnosis among confirmed HCC cases. Unit of Measure: Nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Longitudinal Changes in PIVKA-II Levels Prior to HCC Diagnosis | To assess longitudinal changes in serum Elecsys PIVKA-II concentrations preceding an HCC diagnosis among confirmed HCC cases. Unit of Measure: milli-arbitrary units per milliliter (mAU/mL) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Longitudinal Changes in GAAD Score Prior to HCC Diagnosis | To assess longitudinal changes in the GAAD score preceding an HCC diagnosis among confirmed HCC cases. Unit of Measure: Unitless score | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Number of Additional Early-Stage HCCs Detected Using GAAD | To quantify the number of additional early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma cases identified using the GAAD score compared with standard surveillance modalities. Unit of Measure: Number of participants | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Number of Additional CT or MRI Imaging Procedures Triggered by Surveillance Tests | To count the number of additional CT or MRI imaging procedures triggered by positive results from GAAD, AFP, or Ultrasound surveillance tests. Unit of Measure: Number of imaging procedures | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Relative False Positive Rate of Additional CT or MRI Imaging Procedures | To calculate the relative false positive rate of additional CT or MRI imaging procedures triggered by positive GAAD, AFP, or Ultrasound surveillance results. Unit of Measure: Proportion (percentage) | Over 24 months of patient follow-up |
| Best J, Bechmann LP, Sowa JP, Sydor S, Dechene A, Pflanz K, Bedreli S, Schotten C, Geier A, Berg T, Fischer J, Vogel A, Bantel H, Weinmann A, Schattenberg JM, Huber Y, Wege H, von Felden J, Schulze K, Bettinger D, Thimme R, Sinner F, Schutte K, Weiss KH, Toyoda H, Yasuda S, Kumada T, Berhane S, Wichert M, Heider D, Gerken G, Johnson P, Canbay A. GALAD Score Detects Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an International Cohort of Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Mar;18(3):728-735.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.11.012. Epub 2019 Nov 8. |
| 28620797 | Result | Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, Kudo M, Lee JM, Jia J, Tateishi R, Han KH, Chawla YK, Shiina S, Jafri W, Payawal DA, Ohki T, Ogasawara S, Chen PJ, Lesmana CRA, Lesmana LA, Gani RA, Obi S, Dokmeci AK, Sarin SK. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int. 2017 Jul;11(4):317-370. doi: 10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9. Epub 2017 Jun 15. |
| 29628281 | Result | European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018 Jul;69(1):182-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019. Epub 2018 Apr 5. No abstract available. |
| 37199193 | Result | Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, Mehta N, Heimbach JK, Dawson LA, Jou JH, Kulik LM, Agopian VG, Marrero JA, Mendiratta-Lala M, Brown DB, Rilling WS, Goyal L, Wei AC, Taddei TH. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1922-1965. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000466. Epub 2023 May 22. No abstract available. |