Gingival Pigmentation Intensity and Distribution Among Egyptians

Beyond Pink: Assessing Gingival Pigmentation in the Egyptian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the distribution, intensity and extension of gingival hyperpigmentation among a sample of Egyptian population.

After taking history & clinical examination, three examiners will evaluate the gingival pigmentation in the anterior zone using the following indices:

Clinical evaluation:

Oral pigmentation index (DOPI):

This index of oral pigmentation is the commonly used index due to its simplicity and ease of use measure hyperpigmentation intensity. The scores are as follows:

• No clinical pigmentation (pink-colored gingiva)
• Mild clinical pigmentation (mild light brown color)
• Moderate clinical pigmentation (medium brown or mixed pink and brown color)
• Heavy clinical pigmentation (deep brown or bluish black color) Hedin melanin index for distribution of the pigmentation in the gingiva.

It is scored as:

0 = no gingival pigmentation.

1. = one or two solitary units of interdental papillae are pigmented.
2. = more than 3 separate units of interdental papillae are pigmented.
3. = 1 short continuous band of pigmented gingiva.
4. = one wideband continuous pigmented gingiva between the canines. The total scores of Hedin index of the mandible and maxilla will be obtained at baseline, one month, and six months after the depigmentation procedures.

de Krom classification:

The de Krom classification will be conceived to assess pigmentation distribution. It includes six categories:

Category 1: Broad zone of pigmentation completely surrounds the dentition, displaying a clear apical contour. Apical to the mucogingival junction, the mucosa is pink. Gingival color can vary from dark to light brown. The zone is symmetric and the color uniform.

Category 2: Narrow zone of non-pigmented gingiva completely surrounds the teeth, that is, the marginal gingiva is pink. The remaining attached gingiva is as in Category 1, a broad zone of pig mentation. The zone is symmetric and the color uniform.

Category 3: Mucosa is completely pink, except for a thick or thin line of pigmentation at the level of the mucogingival junction. The pigmented zone is symmetric and the color uniform.

Category 4: Pigmentation is spread over the mucosa. It is asymmetric, patchy, and irregular. The color can be dark at one tooth and pink at the adjacent tooth.

Category 5: Mucosa is completely pink with the exception of a number of symmetric "islands" of pigmentation between anterior teeth. The patches are localized and dark, in contrast to the surrounding (pink) tissue. These patches do not extend to the gingiva. Category 6: Mucosa is completely pink and there are no signs of melanin pigmentation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients were free from any systemic disease as evidenced by Burkett's oral medicine health history questionnaire Greenberg et al.,2012.
• Patients with physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation in the aesthetic zone.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Smokers.
• Pregnant and lactating women.
• Drugs intake which associates with gingival melanin pigmentation such as Antimalarials drugs, phenothiazines and oral contraceptives.
• Pathologies that cause gingival pigmentation (e.g.: Addison's disease, Albright's syndrome, Kaposi sarcoma)
• Patients with periodontal disease.
• Physical or mental impairment.