The Correlation Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Related Nocturnal Hypoxemia Parameters and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: A Prospective Cohort Study (SLEEP-CMD)

The Correlation Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Related Nocturnal Hypoxemia Parameters and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: A Prospective Cohort Study

In a cohort of patients with suspected myocardial ischemia undergoing sleep studies, the objectives of this study were:

1. To determine the association between various obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-related nocturnal hypoxemia parameters and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) in patients with suspected myocardial ischemia.
2. To compare the predictive value of nocturnal hypoxemia parameters versus the traditional Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) for coronary microvascular dysfunction.
3. To evaluate the prognostic value of nocturnal hypoxemia parameters in predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) during the follow-up period.
4. To explore the potential mediating roles of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in the relationship between nocturnal hypoxemia parameters and coronary microvascular dysfunction.

Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMD) constitutes the core pathological mechanism underlying Ischemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries (INOCA) and serves as a significant etiological factor in Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD). CMD exhibits a high prevalence within the cardiovascular disease population and is significantly associated with the risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE). A meta-analysis has demonstrated that all-cause mortality in patients with CMD is 3.93 times higher than in the non-CMD population, with a 5.16-fold increase in the risk of MACE. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep-disordered breathing condition, affecting approximately 936 million people globally and 176 million adults in China. As a critical cardiovascular comorbidity, OSA has a detection rate as high as 50%-83% among patients with Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and is closely related to the development and progression of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. OSA can significantly promote the onset and progression of CMD through intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. Therefore, exploring the interaction mechanisms between CMD and OSA holds significant clinical value.

The core pathological features of CMD involve structural remodeling and functional abnormalities of the coronary microvasculature. The gold standard for its diagnosis is the Index of Microvascular Resistance (IMR) measured via an invasive pressure wire; however, this procedure is complex. In contrast, the Angiography-derived Index of Microvascular Resistance (Angio-IMR) is simple to perform, and numerous clinical studies have confirmed its high consistency with invasive IMR. Currently, an Angio-IMR >25 U is considered the cutoff value for diagnosing CMD. The typical clinical presentation of OSA includes habitual snoring, morning fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep fragmentation. Its diagnosis relies on Polysomnography (PSG), and disease severity is quantified and graded using the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI).

Previous studies have confirmed an independent correlation between OSA and CMD; however, existing evidence is largely based on single assessments using the AHI, lacking a systematic analysis of hypoxemia characteristics. While AHI reflects the overall frequency of respiratory events, it cannot effectively distinguish the severity, duration of exposure, and frequency of hypoxemia. Existing evidence suggests that at identical AHI levels, the 5-year incidence of cardiovascular events can differ by up to 2.3-fold among patients with different hypoxia patterns. Furthermore, intervention strategies based solely on AHI have shown limited efficacy in improving all-cause mortality in CVD patients with comorbid OSA. Our team's preliminary retrospective cohort study indicated that the minimum oxygen saturation (minSpO2) ≤90% and the time with oxygen saturation below 90% (T90) were independently associated with CMD, whereas no significant correlation was found between AHI and CMD. This suggests that nocturnal hypoxemia parameters may offer superior predictive value for OSA-related CMD risk compared to the traditional AHI metric. However, clear evidence regarding the dose-response relationship between hypoxic parameters and CMD is currently lacking, and the specific impact of different hypoxic patterns (intermittent vs. sustained hypoxia) on the pathogenesis of CMD remains unelucidated. This limits the precise risk stratification and the formulation of individualized intervention strategies for CMD in OSA patients. Therefore, this study proposes a prospective cohort study to systematically evaluate the association and mechanisms between OSA-related nocturnal hypoxemia parameters and CMD. The aim is to construct a cardiovascular risk stratification model for OSA patients based on hypoxic characteristics, providing a scientific basis for implementing personalized targeted interventions, and ultimately improving patients' clinical prognosis and health-related quality of life.

The current study will be conducted by the National clinical research center for cardiovascular disease at multiple collaborating centers across China.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 18 to 80 years, of any gender.
2. Scheduled for elective coronary angiography due to symptoms or evidence of myocardial ischemia.
3. Agreed to and capable of completing overnight polysomnography (PSG) monitoring.
4. Provided written informed consent and were willing and able to comply with baseline assessments and long-term follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Presence of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO), history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), severe valvular heart disease, dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, or heart failure (NYHA functional class III-IV).
2. Sleep-disordered breathing with central sleep apnea (CSA) as the primary manifestation.
3. Severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh class C) or renal failure (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²).
4. Pregnancy or lactation.
5. Life expectancy of less than 2 years, or any other condition that the investigators considered unsuitable for participation in the study.