Prenatal Exercise Including Perineal Massage and Maternal-Neonatal Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Prenatal Exercise Including Perineal Massage and Maternal-Neonatal Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The study is divided into three phases:
Phase 1: Baseline survey to obtain an overall understanding of the current situation of voluntary participation in prenatal perineal massage.
Phase 2: Follow-up survey to further assess the current situation of voluntary prenatal exercise and prenatal perineal massage.
Phase 3: Implementation of an intervention combining prenatal exercise and perineal massage.
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether a combined prenatal program of supervised, moderate-intensity exercise plus professionally administered antenatal perineal massage can improve maternal and newborn outcomes and can be safely implemented as part of routine antenatal care in healthy pregnant women receiving care at participating hospitals.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare the combined prenatal program to usual antenatal care to determine whether the intervention improves maternal and neonatal outcomes and is safe, feasible, and acceptable in a real-world clinical setting.
Participants will:
This project is conducted in a provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital network (one leading center plus three collaborating hospitals) and is organized into three phases: (1) a baseline survey, (2) a prospective observational follow-up, and (3) a parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT) implemented in routine care.
Overall design and procedures Phase 1 uses a cross-sectional baseline survey (planned n=3,000; Nov 25-Dec 31, 2025) to describe current voluntary participation in prenatal perineal massage. Phase 2 is a prospective follow-up cohort (planned n=2,000; Jan 1, 2026-Jan 31, 2028) tracking participants from the first antenatal visit through 24 months postpartum to evaluate real-world patterns of spontaneous prenatal exercise and voluntary perineal massage and their associations with maternal and neonatal outcomes. Phase 3 is a two-arm, parallel-group RCT (planned n=2,000; Jan 1, 2026-Dec 31, 2028) comparing a structured combined prenatal program versus usual antenatal care, with follow-up extended to 36 months postpartum.
Participants and setting Pregnant women receiving routine antenatal care at participating hospitals will be screened by clinical staff. Eligibility and exclusion criteria are provided in the record's Eligibility section. Written informed consent will be obtained prior to any study-specific procedures.
Randomization and masking (Phase 3) In the RCT, participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio using a computer-generated allocation sequence managed centrally by designated staff at the leading center. Allocation concealment procedures will be applied for staff involved in outcome assessment and data management when feasible. Due to the nature of the intervention, participants and intervention staff cannot be blinded; however, outcome assessment and data analysis will be performed with masking whenever operationally feasible.
Intervention (Phase 3) Participants assigned to the intervention group will receive (1) a supervised, moderate-intensity prenatal exercise program and (2) professionally administered antenatal perineal massage during late pregnancy.
Exercise program: Sessions will be delivered three times per week, approximately 60 minutes per session, from enrollment through pregnancy. The exercise intervention was conducted at the collaborating hospitals. The exercise program consisted of seven components: warm-up, aerobic exercises, strength training, balance and coordination exercises, stretching and relaxation, pelvic floor muscle training coordinated with breathing (10 sets of slow contractions held for 8-12 seconds each and 3 sets of rapid contractions lasting 25-30 seconds each), and a post-session communication/wrap-up debrief. Exercise intensity will be maintained at a moderate level and adjusted based on gestational age, maternal symptoms, perceived exertion, and available physiological monitoring, following established safety principles for physical activity during pregnancy. Sessions will be delivered individually or in small groups at the hospital or a designated facility.
Perineal massage: During late pregnancy, participants will receive antenatal perineal massage provided by trained health professionals using standardized operating procedures to support consistency and safety.
Comparator (Phase 3) The control group will receive routine prenatal care as provided by participating hospitals, including general health education and standard advice delivered in usual practice. They will not receive the structured supervised exercise sessions or professionally administered perineal massage that define the intervention. Any additional clinical management deemed necessary by treating clinicians will be permitted and recorded.
Intervention delivery, training, and fidelity Intervention delivery staff will receive study-specific training before participant enrollment. Exercise sessions will be supervised by personnel with relevant physical education training backgrounds working under the oversight of clinicians and senior researchers. Standardized materials and monitoring logs (e.g., Attendance will be recorded using a computer-based application) will be used to support implementation fidelity and to document adherence.
Follow-up and data sources Data will be collected at prespecified time points during pregnancy, at delivery, and during postpartum follow-up. Maternal and neonatal outcomes are specified in the Outcome Measures section of the record and will be assessed using validated instruments and clinical information, with delivery and neonatal outcomes extracted from hospital records by trained staff.
Safety monitoring Exercise intensity will be supervised and adjusted to maintain a moderate workload, targeting 55-65% of the maternal maximum heart rate calculated using the Karvonen formula, and corroborated by a Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion score of 12-14 ("Somewhat Hard"). Heart rate will be monitored using a heart rate monitor or wearable activity tracker, with accelerometer-based monitoring used when available to support intensity supervision; when electronic monitoring is not feasible, heart rate will be assessed manually via palpation at the carotid artery. Accelerometers will also be used to monitor the health status of pregnant women.
Data management and analysis overview Data will be recorded using standardized case report forms and entered into a secure database with quality-control procedures (REDCap). The primary analytical approach for the RCT will compare outcomes between groups according to the intention-to-treat principle, consistent with a prespecified statistical analysis plan.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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