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Chronic nonspecific low back pain is a multifactorial condition involving not only biomechanical but also psychological and neurocognitive components, in which factors such as kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing contribute to pain persistence and disability. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) aims to reconceptualize pain, reduce fear-avoidance behaviors, and improve function, particularly when combined with exercise, although traditional educational methods may be limited in explaining abstract concepts. Virtual reality (VR) offers an interactive and engaging platform that may enhance the effectiveness of PNE by facilitating cognitive restructuring and increasing motivation, with evidence of short-term benefits on pain and kinesiophobia. Integrating VR-supported PNE with core stabilization exercises may simultaneously address biomechanical and cognitive processes, thereby providing a more comprehensive rehabilitation approach. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the effects of adding VR-supported pain education to core stabilization exercises on pain, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, functional status, and balance in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain.
Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a complex condition that cannot be explained solely by biomechanical factors and also involves psychological and neurocognitive components. Kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, and maladaptive pain beliefs have been shown to play a significant role in the chronification of pain and the increase in disability. Therefore, the Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) approach, which focuses on the neurophysiology of pain, helps individuals reconceptualize pain, reduces fear-avoidance behaviors, and supports functional improvement. When applied in combination with exercise, PNE has been reported to provide additional benefits in reducing pain intensity, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing. However, conventional educational methods may be limited in conveying abstract neurophysiological concepts.
At this point, virtual reality (VR) technology may enhance the effectiveness of pain education by providing an interactive and engaging learning environment. VR has been reported to facilitate cognitive restructuring in individuals with chronic pain and to increase motivation for participation. Moreover, VR-supported rehabilitation interventions have been shown to have short-term positive effects on pain and kinesiophobia in chronic pain conditions.
Core stabilization exercises are an effective method for improving postural control and functional stability in low back pain by regulating the activation of muscles surrounding the spine. However, purely physical approaches may be insufficient in adequately addressing the psychological dimensions of pain. Integrating VR-supported PNE into an exercise program may broaden the scope of rehabilitation by simultaneously influencing both biomechanical and cognitive processes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of adding VR-supported pain education to core stabilization exercises on pain, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, functional status, and balance in individuals with CNSLBP. This holistic approach is expected to provide an innovative contribution to conventional exercise protocols and to shed light on the biopsychosocial management of chronic low back pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Stabilization + Classic Pain Neuroscience Education | Experimental | Individuals in this group will undergo classical pain education (based on visual presentation or face-to-face instruction) along with core stabilization exercises targeting the muscles surrounding the spine. The exercises will be organized according to protocols reported in the literature as safe and effective and will include the following elements:
During the application process, participants will be provided with classic educational materials (e.g., verbal explanations or informative brochures) about the physiological basis of pain, movement safety, and exercise-related pain management. Thi |
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| Core Stabilization + Virtual Reality-Assisted Pain Neuroscience Education | Experimental | Individuals in this group will receive SG-supported pain education in addition to the Group 1 protocol. Program details:
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core Stabilization Exercises | Other | Individuals in this group will undergo classical pain education (based on visual presentation or face-to-face instruction) along with core stabilization exercises targeting the muscles surrounding the spine. The exercises will be organized according to protocols reported in the literature as safe and effective and will include the following elements:
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Severity of Pain | A visual analog scale will be used to assess patients' current pain intensity. This scale is one of the most commonly used scales for assessing pain intensity during rest, activity, and at night. The scale features a 10 cm line on which the patient can mark their pain intensity. Patients are asked to indicate the degree of their pain intensity on the line, ranging from no pain (left side) to unbearable pain (right side). | 6 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Balance | To determine the balance level of individuals with CNSLBP, the Biodex Balance System, which has been reported to be a reliable and valid assessment tool, will be used. Balance assessment on the Biodex Balance System is performed separately under dynamic and static conditions. The system consists of a balance platform that can tilt up to approximately 20° and has a 360° range of motion. The platform moves in the mediolateral (M-L) and anteroposterior (A-P) directions. Under dynamic conditions, the device calculates the degree of platform tilt, whereas under static conditions it measures deviations of the center of pressure. The difficulty level of the test is adjusted by changing the surface stability of the platform. On the balance platform, stability levels range from 12 (minimum stability) to 0 (maximum stability). In this study, the surface stability was set at Level 6. The Biodex Balance System quantifies balance loss using the average of the M-L and A-P scores, with higher scores |
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Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kırşehir Ahi Evran University | Center | Kirşehi̇r | 40100 | Turkey (Türkiye) | ||
| Kırşehir Ahi Evran University |
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Randomized dontrolled trial
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| Classic Pain Neuroscience Education | Other | During the application process, participants will be provided with traditional educational materials (e.g., verbal explanations or informational brochures) on the physiological basis of pain, movement safety, and pain management related to exercise. This training will not include virtual reality support. |
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| Virtual Reality-supported pain neuroscience education program | Other | Details of the Virtual Reality-supported pain neuroscience education program:
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| 6 week |
| Functional Status | The level of disability resulting from low back pain will be assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The ODI was developed by Fairbank et al. in 1980, and its Turkish validity and reliability were established by Yakut et al. The ODI is one of the most widely used instruments for determining the extent to which daily living activities and functional status are affected by pain in individuals with low back pain. | 6 week |
| Pain Catastrophizing | The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item questionnaire designed to assess the extent of catastrophic thoughts and feelings related to pain in individuals experiencing pain. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating greater levels of catastrophizing. Subscale scores are calculated by summing the scores of the corresponding items, and the total score is obtained by summing all items. PCS scores range from 0 to 52. | 6 week |
| Kinesiophobia | Participants' fear of movement or re-injury was assessed using the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale. The scale is a self-report-based assessment tool used to determine the level of kinesiophobia. Consisting of 17 items, the scale is scored on a 4-point Likert scale. A higher total score on the scale indicates a higher level of kinesiophobia. The Turkish version of the TKS, which has undergone validation and reliability testing, was used in this study. | 6 week |
| Kırşehir |
| Turkey (Türkiye) |