Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This observational study aimed to investigate the relationship between Enneagram personality types, body mass index, eating habits, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality among adults living in Turkey with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The study adopts a holistic approach to examine how personality characteristics may be associated with nutritional and psychological factors.
Obesity is a multifactorial condition influenced by biological, psychological, behavioral, and social factors. Personality characteristics may play an important role in shaping eating behaviors, emotional regulation, psychological well-being, and spiritual orientation. The Enneagram personality model provides a framework for understanding individual differences in motivation, cognition, and behavior.
The purpose of this observational cross-sectional study was to examine the relationships among Enneagram personality types, body mass index (BMI), eating habits, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality in adults. Participants are categorized according to BMI as normal weight, overweight, or obese.
Data were collected using a sociodemographic information form, anthropometric measurements, the Enneagram Personality Scale, and validated questionnaires assessing eating habits, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality.
The findings are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the psychological and behavioral factors associated with body weight status and may support the development of more personalized and holistic approaches to nutrition and health promotion.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Weight Group | Adults with a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m². Participants completed assessments of Enneagram personality type, eating behaviors, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality. | ||
| Overweight Group | Adults with a body mass index (BMI) between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m². Participants completed assessments of Enneagram personality type, eating behaviors, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality. | ||
| Obesity Group | Adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher. Participants completed assessments of Enneagram personality type, eating behaviors, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality. |
Not provided
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Salzburg Emotional Eating Scale (SEES) Total Score | The SEES is a 20-item validated instrument designed to measure changes in food consumption in response to emotions. It consists of four subscales: Happiness, Sadness, Anger, and Anxiety. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1-5). Total scores range from 20 to 100. A score of 60 represents unchanged eating behavior; scores above 60 indicate increased food consumption (emotional eating), and scores below 60 indicate decreased food consumption. | At baseline (cross-sectional assessment) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Psychological Well-Being Scale (Flourishing Scale) Total Score | An 8-item scale that describes important aspects of human functioning. Each item is answered on a 1-7 scale. Total scores range from 8 to 56. A high score represents a person who has many psychological resources and strengths | At baseline (cross-sectional assessment) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Emotional Eating Score Differences Across BMI Categories | To compare Emotional Eating Scale total scores across BMI categories (normal weight, overweight, obese). | At baseline (single survey administration) |
| Psychological Well-Being Score Differences Across BMI Categories |
Inclusion Criteria:
Normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m²) Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m²) Obesity (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m²)
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Adults aged 18-65 years categorized into normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups. The study includes 210 participants with balanced sex distribution across BMI categories and aims to investigate the associations among Enneagram personality types, body mass index, eating habits, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality.
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diyetisyenin Mutfağı | Istanbul | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D000098382 | Emotional Eating |
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Spirituality Assessment Scale Total Score |
A 27-item instrument comprising 7 subscales. It uses a 5-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 27 to 135. Higher scores indicate a higher level of spirituality |
| At baseline (cross-sectional assessment) |
| Survey of Eating Habits Total Score | A 65-item scale with 4 dimensions (prejudices against obesity, positive/negative thoughts about obesity, self-perception, and eating behaviors). It uses a 5-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 65 to 325. The score is used to evaluate the overall eating attitudes and behaviors of the individual | At baseline (cross-sectional assessment) |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2). It is used to categorize participants into normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups. | At baseline (cross-sectional assessment) |
To evaluate whether psychological well-being differs among individuals in different BMI categories. |
| At baseline (single survey administration) |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001522 | Behavior, Animal |
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |