Investigate the effects of exercise training on the cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity in healthy and CKD patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by impaired kidney function lasting for more than 3 months, as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which is classified into stages 1 to 5. Common symptoms include swelling, fatigue, and high blood pressure. Previous studies have indicated that physical inactivity in patients with CKD, often due to fatigue, leads to decreased physical fitness. In addition, secondary complications such as muscle mass loss and weakness are frequently observed, especially in the advanced stages of CKD.

To address this vicious cycle, aerobic and resistance training have been shown to mitigate these effects. Previous studies have reported that such exercise interventions can reduce fatigue and improve VO₂ peak in individuals with CKD. However, these exercise programs often involve high loads and frequencies, which may not be feasible for some CKD patients, particularly those with comorbidities such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease.

The effectiveness of blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise compared with high-load training has been demonstrated in older adults, showing improvements in functional ability and muscular adaptation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of incorporating blood flow restriction during exercise on cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity in patients with CKD.

Healthy

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 20~85 years old

Exclusion Criteria:

• Severe uncontrolled metabolic diseases (e.g., hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.)
• Severe pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia)
• Presence of a cardiac pacemaker or a history of myocardial infarction within the past six months
• Severe musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disorders (e.g., advanced arthritis, limb amputation, post-polio syndrome, Parkinson's disease)
• Unstable vital signs (e.g., systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, requiring vasopressors, or resting heart rate >100 bpm)
• Prone to bruising
• Recent inflection < 1 month
• Pregnancy
• Kidney function impairment
• Cancer
• Simultaneously participating in other research

CKD

Inclusion criteria:

• Aged 20~85 years old
• eGFR< 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 over 3 months
• Stable condition without worsening in the past 3 months
• Ability to understand and follow verbal commends and cooperate with an exercise training program

Exclusion criteria:

• Severe uncontrolled metabolic diseases (e.g., hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.)
• Severe pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia)
• Presence of a cardiac pacemaker or a history of myocardial infarction within the past six months
• Severe musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disorders (e.g., advanced arthritis, limb amputation, post-polio syndrome, Parkinson's disease)
• Unstable vital signs (e.g., systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, requiring vasopressors, or resting heart rate >100 bpm)
• Abnormal blood biochemical parameters (e.g., white blood cell count <2500/mm³, hemoglobin <8 mg/dL, total bilirubin >3 mg/dL, liver enzymes (GOT/AST, GPT/ALT) >3 times the upper limit of normal, platelet count <75,000/mm³
• Sensory or motor dysfunctions that affect walking ability
• Diagnosed systemic diseases under ongoing treatment (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, cancer, malignancies).

IPD sharing plan will be decided after summarized data being published