As an active control intervention, a low-intensity non-aerobic exercise program was selected that mirrors more closely the standard-of-care physical therapy currently provided to stroke patients. This control intervention will offer the same level of participant involvement and type of interaction, but without the intensity element, i.e., it will not incorporate the cardiovascular and the strengthening components.

A sentence-to-picture matching tasks that evaluates comprehension of sentences of varying complexity. The scores range from 0 to 100%, with higher scores indicative of better comprehension abilities.

Test of word retrieval and executive control abilities such as updating, shifting, and inhibiting. Participants are asked to name as many items as possible in 1 minute for a given category (e.g., clothes) and for a given letter (e.g., "s").

Aphasia naming test to assess word retrieval abilities. The score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating greater naming ability.

This is a computerized assessment battery of cognitive tasks that provides a comprehensive assessment of different cognitive domains. These tasks include computerized version of standard cognitive tasks such as Trail making test, Stroop test, Digit and Spatial Span tasks, Verbal learning tasks. These tasks will require participants to memorize lists of words, digits, describe pictures, and draw on the tablet. Participant's verbal and pointing responses will be recorded. The following tasks will be used: BAVLT Encoding, Digit Span Forward, Digit Span Reverse, Picture Matching, Spatial Span, Finger Tapping, BAVLT Delayed Recall, Continuous Picture Naming, Picture Description, Simple Reaction Time, Trails A, Trails B, Stroop, Design Fluency, Picture Description Delayed Recall, Verbal Fluency.

This is a measure of cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness. Maximal Aerobic Capacity (VO2 Max) is the ability of the body to utilize oxygen to produce energy and is measured via a graded exercise test until volitional fatigue, while measuring consumption of oxygen with a computerized metabolic system. Typically measured on a treadmill, VO2 Max has also been found to be accurately and safely measured in stroke survivors on a recumbent stepper, which will be used in this study. A good VO2 Max varies greatly depending on age, and for older participants is typically between 30-40ml/kg/min (higher values indicate greater fitness).

The number of knee raises completed in 2 minutes, raising each knee to a point midway between the patella (kneecap) and iliac crest (top hip bone)

The number of full stands from a seated position that can be completed in 30 seconds with arms folded across the chest.

The number of seconds it takes to get up from a seated position, walk 3 m, turn, and return to a seated position.

The number of inches reached forward with each arm with feet flat on the floor at hip width.

The speed in meters per second for the middle 6 m of the 10 m walkway.

A multi-component assessment of postural stability during walking and ability to perform additional motor tasks while walking.

The 20-item self-rating questionnaire evaluates perceived mood and level of functioning within the past seven days. The scores range from 0-60. A score equal to or above 16 indicates a person at risk for clinical depression.

The 7-item self-report scale is used to identify anxiety based on problems experienced in the last two weeks. The scores range from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of more pronounced anxiety symptoms.

The self-rating scale used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep. It differentiates "poor" from "good" sleep by measuring seven areas: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction over the last month. The overall score ranges from 0-21, with higher scores indicative of more acute sleep disturbances.

This questionnaire is specifically designed to assess quality of life in individuals with stroke and aphasia. The overall quality of life score can range from 1 to 5, with higher values indicating better quality of life and overall well-being.

This is a commonly used outcome measure for assessment of sensorimotor recovery after stroke. We will only use the upper extremity portion of the assessment to supplement other study measures focusing on gait and balance. The FMA-UE assesses movement, coordination, and reflexes associated with the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand and is meant to capture stages of motor recovery after stroke. The FMA-UE consists of 33 items with each item scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0, 1, or 2), with 0 generally corresponding to no function, 1 to partial function, and 2 to perfect function. The items are summed to provide a final score, ranging from 0-66 points, with lower scores indicative of more pronounced motor impairments of the upper extremity.

This is a commonly used 7-point rating scale for measuring the degree of overall disability or dependence in the daily activities of people who have suffered a stroke or other causes of neurological disability. MRS is a single item, global outcomes rating scale for patients post-stroke. The measure is scored based on a structured interview. It is used to categorize level of functional independence with reference to pre-stroke activities rather than on observed performance of a specific task. The scale ranges from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicative of more severe disability, with 6 indicating that the patient is dead.

This is a widely used clinical scale for measuring impairment in various domains (consciousness, motor, sensory, attention, language) after stroke. It uses a numerical scale to determine stroke severity, health care providers record the person's performance in 11 categories, such as sensory and motor ability. Each domain is rated on a scale from 0 to 2 or3/4 for certain domains), with 0 indicating no impairment. The total score can range from 0 to 42 points, with higher scores indicating greater severity.

Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured at rest with a manual blood pressure monitor.

To evaluate overall daily activity levels in the real world, physical activity and sedentary behavior will be recorded using the activPAL4+ activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, UK). The activPAL is a research-grade device that uses a combination of an accelerometer, inclinometer, and gyroscope to objectively measure time spent in different postures, including lying, sitting, standing, and stepping, as well as the intensity and duration of physical activity. We will track the following outcomes to evaluate changes in stepping cadence: steps per day, steps per minute (cadence), and peak 30-minute cadence.

To evaluate overall daily activity levels in the real world, physical activity and sedentary behavior will be recorded using the activPAL4+ activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, UK). The activPAL is a research-grade device that uses a combination of an accelerometer, inclinometer, and gyroscope to objectively measure time spent in different postures, including lying, sitting, standing, and stepping, as well as the intensity and duration of physical activity. We will track the following outcomes to evaluate changes in activity levels: standing time (in minutes), sitting time (in minutes), lying time (in minutes), number of sit-to-stand transitions, lying bouts greater than 30 minutes, and stepping bouts greater than 5 minutes