This study aims to explore the dynamic changes in different cell types and their molecular regulatory mechanisms during the healing process of peri-implant soft tissues, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST).

The research will focus specifically on the healing of soft tissues around dental implants in human subjects with the use of a healing abutment. Participants in the healing abutment group will have a micro healing abutment placed immediately after implant placement.

Tissue samples will be collected at various time points (Day 4, Day 14, and Day 70) to construct a detailed single-cell map of the healing process.

Spatial transcriptomics will be integrated to preserve tissue architecture, enabling the identification of the spatial distribution of different cell types and their interactions within the peri-implant microenvironment.

This combined approach will allow for a comprehensive characterization of cellular interactions, spatial gene expression patterns, and regulatory networks specific to healing abutments.

The goal is to identify key regulatory factors that could improve peri-implant soft tissue healing and help prevent peri-implantitis.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age: 18-65 years
• Healthy individuals without chronic medical conditions or severe systemic diseases
• Able to comply with study requirements (e.g., follow-up visits)
• No history of periodontal disease or active infection
• Already completed four or more implant placements in the posterior tooth region
• Adequate gingival thickness to allow for sampling and proper healing

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with systemic conditions that affect wound healing (e.g., diabetes, immunosuppressive therapy)
• Smoking or alcohol abuse
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women
• History of severe allergic reactions to implant materials
• Participation in another clinical study at the same time

Taking into account factors such as the needs of subsequent research, the final decision has not yet been made.