Acute low back pain is one of the most common health problems in the world. Most people experience it at least once in their lives, and although many cases improve within a few weeks, a significant number of patients continue to struggle with pain, fear of movement, stress, and reduced daily function. These psychological factors-such as catastrophizing ("my back is damaged"), fear of movement ("if I move, it gets worse"), and avoidance behaviors-can slow recovery and increase the risk of the pain becoming chronic.

Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) is a modern educational approach that teaches patients how pain actually works in the nervous system. Instead of focusing only on muscles and bones, PNE helps people understand how the brain interprets pain, why pain can persist even without serious injury, and how thoughts, emotions, and behaviors can influence the experience of pain. Research shows that PNE can reduce fear, improve movement, and help people participate better in rehabilitation-especially in chronic pain. However, there is very limited high-quality evidence about its effects in acute low back pain.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether adding Pain Neuroscience Education to routine physiotherapy can improve recovery in people with acute low back pain.

To do this, the investigators will conduct a single-blind randomized clinical trial with two groups of patients:

Control group: Receives conventional physiotherapy, including soft-tissue mobilization and TENS, along with routine patient education about posture and back care.

Intervention group: Receives the same physiotherapy plus two structured sessions of Pain Neuroscience Education, delivered individually using simple explanations, metaphors, and visual materials.

Both groups will receive eight treatment sessions over four weeks.

The investigators will measure several important outcomes before starting treatment and immediately after the 8th session, including:

Pain intensity

Functional disability

Pain catastrophizing

Fear-avoidance beliefs

Fear of movement (kinesiophobia)

The investigators' hypothesis is that patients who receive PNE in addition to routine physiotherapy will show greater reductions in pain, disability, fear, and catastrophizing compared to those receiving physiotherapy alone.

If proven effective, this approach could provide a simple, low-cost, and safe addition to physiotherapy that not only reduces pain but also prevents acute low back pain from turning into a chronic condition. This could help improve patients' quality of life and reduce the economic and healthcare burden caused by low back pain.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults aged 18 years and older.
• A primary complaint of acute low back pain (defined as pain between the bottom of the ribs and the gluteal fold), with or without leg pain.
• Pain duration of less than 6 weeks.
• Absence of any "red flags" for serious spinal pathology (e.g., tumor, infection, fracture, cauda equina syndrome), as confirmed by an orthopedist or neurologist.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Low back pain lasting more than 3 months (chronic low back pain).
• History of spinal surgery within the past 3 years.
• Inability to read or understand Persian.
• Diagnosed cognitive impairments.
• Unwillingness to continue the treatment or study protocol.
• Diagnosed rheumatic, neurological, cardiac, metabolic, or respiratory diseases.
• Diagnosis of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, loss of skin sensation, or skin inflammation/swelling in the low back area.
• Presence or emergence of any "red flag" condition.
• Missing more than 3 consecutive treatment sessions.
• Previous participation in Pain Neuroscience Education sessions.