The course content was standardized using materials from the "CK4Stim-Clinical Key for Electrical Stimulation in Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation" project (CK4Stim, Access Date: October 2024). The CK4Stim project, supported by the European Union and involving multiple projects partners, aims to develop a common language for the use of electrical stimulation in physiotherapy and rehabilitation education in accordance with European standards.

A lesson package containing a story in an interactive visual novel format created using Ren'Py. This package was designed by the researchers to include the theoretical and practical contents of the medium frequency currents unit, again using the content of the CK4Stım project.

A group that received both educational models for comparison.

A lesson package containing a story in an interactive visual novel format created using Ren'Py. This package was designed by the researchers to include the theoretical and practical contents of the medium frequency currents unit, again using the content of the CK4Stim project.

A researcher-developed 20-item multiple-choice theoretical exam assessing students' knowledge of electrotherapy principles.

Full Scale Name: Theoretical Knowledge Examination (20-item multiple-choice test) Score Range: 0 to 100 points Interpretation: Higher scores indicate better theoretical knowledge.

A 16-item practical performance assessment evaluated by an independent three-member exam jury. Each item was rated as "Sufficient", "Partial", or "Insufficient", and final scores were calculated as the arithmetic mean of the three jury evaluations, scaled to a 0-100 range.

Full Scale Name: Practical Skills Performance Assessment (16-item jury-rated evaluation) Score Range: 0 to 100 points Interpretation: Higher scores indicate better practical performance.

Subjective cognitive load was assessed using the nine-point Cognitive Load Rating Scale developed by Paas and Van Merriënboer (1993). Participants rated the level of mental effort experienced during the learning activity on a nine-point Likert-type scale.

Full Scale Name: Paas & Van Merriënboer Cognitive Load Rating Scale (9-point Likert scale) Score Range: 1 (Very Low) to 9 (Very High) Interpretation: Higher scores indicate greater perceived cognitive load.

Attitudes toward the physiotherapy profession were measured using the Attitude Toward the Physiotherapy Profession Scale developed by Turhan. The scale contains 35 items rated on a five-point Likert scale and assesses three dimensions: professional satisfaction, required professional competencies, and general concerns regarding the profession.

Full Scale Name: Attitude Toward the Physiotherapy Profession Scale (35-item Likert scale) Score Range: 35 (minimum) to 175 (maximum) Interpretation: Higher scores indicate more positive attitudes toward the physiotherapy profession.