Participants receive a novel integrated diabetes management strategy via a smart platform (hardware + APP + cloud). This includes TCM-WM baseline assessments, personalized remote monitoring/reminders (glucose, medication, lifestyle), tailored TCM-WM education, and backend multidisciplinary expert support. The management pathway is dynamically optimized every 3 months based on continuous data analysis.

Participants in this arm receive current standard conventional care for diabetes mellitus. This includes regular outpatient follow-ups by endocrinologists, standard pharmacological therapy (e.g., oral hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin) based on authoritative clinical guidelines such as those from the Chinese Diabetes Society, and routine diabetes health education (e.g., diet and exercise advice) provided by healthcare professionals. Participants in this group do NOT have access to the investigational smart management platform (APP, connected devices), nor do they receive the personalized reminders, remote consultations, integrated TCM-WM management pathway, or proactive management from the backend multidisciplinary team that are part of the intervention. Their care process adheres to the usual practices of their respective medical centers.

This intervention is a comprehensive, technology-enabled management strategy. It utilizes an integrated smart platform comprising connected devices (e.g., glucose meters, blood pressure monitors), a mobile application (APP), and cloud services. Participants undergo an initial combined assessment based on Western medicine examinations and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) constitution diagnosis (via questionnaire and tongue image analysis). The platform's algorithms then generate a personalized, automated remote management pathway. This includes customized reminders for monitoring, medication, and follow-ups; tailored lifestyle and health education advice integrating TCM and WM principles; and access to daily online consultations from a backend multidisciplinary expert team (endocrinologists, TCM physicians, nutritionists). The management plan is dynamically optimized every 3 months based on continuous data analysis, forming a closed-loop management system.

HbA1c reflects average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2-3 months. This outcome measures the absolute change in HbA1c percentage (%) from baseline to the end of the 6-month study period. A larger reduction indicates improved long-term glycemic control.

Time in Range (TIR) is the percentage of time that a patient's glucose levels remain within a specified target range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) over a period of time, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) or frequent self-monitoring. This outcome assesses the TIR over the entire 6-month intervention period. A higher TIR percentage indicates more stable glucose control and is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes complications.

This outcome measures the proportion of participants who achieve their individualized HbA1c treatment goal (e.g., HbA1c <7.0% for most adults) at the 6-month study endpoint. Achievement is defined based on the latest clinical guidelines and individualized patient factors.