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The goal of this observational study is to show prognostic impact of frailty in cardiogenic shock according to age. The main questions it aims to answer are:
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| In-hospital all-cause mortality | Death from any cause occurring during the index hospitalization for cardiogenic shock. Number of participants with the event was measured | During index hospitalization for cardiogenic shock (up to hospital discharge) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Heart failure-related rehospitalization | Any inpatient admission with a primary or secondary diagnosis of heart failure (ICD-10 I50.x), identified from claims data and prescription records.Number of participants with the event was measured. | From index hospitalization until 15 years of follow-up. |
| Cognitive impairment |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Adults aged ≥18 years who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of tertiary hospitals and were diagnosed with CS
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012770 | Shock, Cardiogenic |
| D000073496 | Frailty |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009203 | Myocardial Infarction |
| D017202 | Myocardial Ischemia |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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New-onset cognitive dysfunction after discharge, defined using ICD-10 codes (R41.x for memory disturbance, F06.7 for mild cognitive disorder) or new diagnosis of dementia (F00-F03, G30) or prescription of anti-dementia medications (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine). Number of participants with event was measured |
| From index hospitalization until 15 years of follow-up. |
| Mental health problems | Composite of new-onset psychiatric diagnoses after discharge including 6 domains defined using ICD-10 codes. Domains include depression (ICD-10 F32-F33), anxiety disorders (F41.x), somatization disorder (F45.x), stress-related disorders (F43.x), sleep disorders (G47.x), and substance use disorders (F10-F19). Diagnostic codes supported by prescription data (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics). Number of participants with the event was measured. | From index hospitalization until 15 years of follow-up. |
| Long-term all-cause mortality | Death from any cause, identified with the Statistics Korea nationwide death registry. Number of participants with the event was measured. | From index hospitalization until 15 years of follow-up. |
| D014652 |
| Vascular Diseases |
| D007238 | Infarction |
| D007511 | Ischemia |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009336 | Necrosis |
| D012769 | Shock |