This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different postoperative analgesia methods used in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Analgesia techniques are determined independently by the responsible anesthesiologist as part of routine clinical practice, and the study team does not intervene in treatment decisions.

This is a prospective observational clinical study designed to examine the impact of various postoperative analgesia strategies on pain outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). In routine practice at the participating center, regional block techniques and intravenous analgesia protocols are commonly used, and different anesthesiologists may choose different postoperative analgesia approaches.

All patients will undergo standard general anesthesia according to institutional protocols. Intraoperative monitoring will include heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, duration of surgery, opioid consumption, and intraoperative complications. Postoperative follow-up will include assessment of pain scores (NRS) at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours, cumulative opioid consumption, need for rescue analgesics, time to first analgesic request, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), antiemetic use, patient satisfaction, and any analgesia-related adverse events.

Demographic characteristics (age, sex, BMI, ASA status), stone features (location, side, volume), and intraoperative variables will be recorded. Data will be collected prospectively and stored securely.

The primary goal is to compare the effect of different postoperative analgesia methods on cumulative opioid use in the first 24 hours. Secondary aims include evaluating pain scores, rescue analgesic need, intraoperative opioid use, time to first analgesic request, PONV incidence, patient satisfaction, and adverse effects.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults aged 18-65 years
• ASA physical status I-III
• Undergoing unilateral PCNL
• Providing written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known allergy to local anesthetics

Coagulopathy or contraindication to regional anesthesia

BMI > 35 kg/m²

Cognitive or communication impairment affecting pain evaluation

Neurological or psychiatric disorders

Musculoskeletal abnormalities

Chronic opioid use, alcohol or substance abuse history

Previous PCNL or open renal surgery on the same side

Refusal to participate

Adult patients aged 18 to 65 years undergoing unilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) at Haseki Training and Research Hospital. All participants are ASA physical status I-III and receive postoperative analgesia according to routine clinical practice.

Individual participant data will not be shared.