transarterial bleomycin chemoembolization represents a novel minimally invasive therapeutic approach for the management of giant nodular goiter.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Clinical criteria: thyroid enlargement, mostly painless, with compressive symptoms (such as dysphagia, dyspnea) being less common; thyroid function is mostly normal, and a small number may be accompanied by hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
• Imaging examinations: ultrasound shows multiple solid or cystic-solid nodules with clear boundaries and no malignant signs such as microcalcification and a vertical-to-horizontal diameter ratio >1.
• Pathological criteria: follicular epithelial cell hyperplasia, no nuclear atypia, and no malignant cellular characteristics (such as mitotic figures, infiltrative growth, etc.). In this study, a thyroid goiter with at least one diameter exceeding 4 cm was considered a giant goiter

Exclusion Criteria:

• abnormal coagulation profiles;
• hepatic or renal impairment;
• allergy to contrast media;
• refusal of interventional therapy and requirement for surgical treatment or other therapies