Background： Colonoscopy can detect colon polyps and perform excision to the polyps to prevent colon cancer. However, delayed polypectomy bleeding is one of the complications to be noticed, which has an occurrence rate of about 1-2%, especially large polyps over 1cm with hot snare polypectomy. Colonoscopic clipping was applied for the treatment of bleeding. However, prophylactic clipping after polypectomy was not proved to reduce the rate of delayed polypectomy bleeding. Sucralfate is used for peptic ulcer treatment, which can become a protective layer on the wound to prevent environmental injury. Our preliminary data revealed the endoscopic sucralfate spray could reduce the delayed bleeding rate among general populations. Whether sucralfate can prevent polypectomy wounds from delayed bleeding in high-risk polyps is unknown.

Aim： This study aimed to compare the efficacy in reducing delayed bleeding rate between sucralfate administration and prophylactic clipping on high-risk polypectomy wounds.

Method： This is a randomized clinical trial. The study will recruit 160 patients. After randomization, 80 patients will be classified into the Sucralfate group and 80 into the Clipping group. The participants will receive an endoscopic survey as routine, and we will enroll all patients who take antiplatelets or anticoagulants with polyp size ≥ 1 cm after hot snare polyp excision. Exclusion criteria include patients with an allergy to sucralfate. If immediate polypectomy bleeding occurs, we will apply standard endoscopic therapy by either local injection of diluted epinephrine, heater probe coagulation, and/or hemoclipping. After then, we will spray 3g of sucralfate powder through colonoscopy precisely on the polypectomy wound in the Sucralfate group, and prophylactic clipping will be placed on the polypectomy wound in the Clipping group. All enrolled patients will be monitored for delayed bleeding for 28 days after the colonoscopy.

Expected results and clinical importance:

This study is expected to find that the use of sucralfate powder can more effectively reduce the bleeding risk in high-risk wounds compared to prophylactic clips. In addition to promoting the implementation of national health policies and reducing public exposure to the risk of complications, it can also help avoid medical expenses resulting from complications.

Colonoscopic polypectomy is a key procedure for prevention of colorectal cancer and reduction of associated mortality risk. However, this procedure carries a risk of postpolypectomy bleeding. Postoperative bleeding can occur immediately (intraoperatively, manageable during colonoscopy) or after a while (for example, a month after colonoscopy). The causes of delayed postpolypectomy bleeding include detachment of eschar due to stool passage and extension of submucosal necrosis due to hot snare polypectomy. The incidence rate of delayed postpolypectomy bleeding ranges from 1% to 2%; this rate increases to 6% in patients with large (> 2 cm) colon polyps. Risk factors for this complication include hot snare polypectomy, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, antiplatelet agent or anticoagulant use, and pedunculated colon polyps. Delayed postpolypectomy bleeding is a major complication that requires prompt management. Patients with delayed bleeding usually present with hematochezia, anemia, hemodynamic instability, or end-organ damage. Hemostasis often requires repeated colonoscopic procedures and hospitalization, which increases patient discomfort and treatment costs. In complex cases, emergent surgical intervention or transarterial embolization may become necessary. Therefore, the prevention of delayed postpolypectomy bleeding is crucial for both patients and clinicians.

Sucralfate, a basic aluminum salt of sucrose octa sulfate, has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; this powder accelerates healing and prevents bleeding. The mechanisms underlying its effects involve binding to exposed proteins on damaged cells and creating a protective layer that shields the mucosa from further injury. Sucralfate can also bind to growth factors and thus promote angiogenesis and mucosal healing. Pharmacodynamic insights have suggested that local application of sucralfate is more effective in promoting wound healing than systemic administration, likely because of its ability to locally adhere to damaged mucosa, forming a sticky coating that accelerates healing.

Liquid sucralfate has demonstrated healing efficacy in endoscopic mucosal resection-induced gastric ulcers. Rectosigmoid ulcer lesions can also be treated with topical sucralfate by enema. In radiation proctitis and idiopathic ulcerative proctitis, sucralfate enemas produced clinical and endoscopic improvement. Compared to the drug powder, we think the liquid formulation would soon drain away from the wound. Therefore, we assume that the local application of sucralfate powder to polypectomy wounds would effectively prevent delayed postpolypectomy bleeding.

In our preliminary data of a pilot study (IRB: A-BR-111-085, ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05817656), a total of 160 patients with polyps (size≥0.5cm) who had undergone colonoscopic polypectomy were enrolled. divided into the sucralfate and control groups (80 per group). After polypectomy, the patients received standard treatment for immediate bleeding. Then, they were randomly allocated to either a sucralfate group (prophylactic spraying of 3g sucralfate powder on polypectomy wounds) or a control group. As a result, the rate of delayed postpolypectomy bleeding (0% vs 6.3%, respectively; P=0.029) and postpolypectomy overt bloody stool (2.4% vs 18.8%, respectively; P=0.001) were lower in the sucralfate group than in the control group. The duration of freedom from delayed bleeding was longer in the sucralfate group than in the control group (P=0.024). Colonoscopic spraying of sucralfate powder is a safe approach with potential to reduce the risk of delayed postpolypectomy bleeding among the general population.

However, whether this method can be applied to high-risk polyps were indetermined, such as large polyps > 1cm under hot snare polypectomy, especially in those who take antiplatelets or anticoagulants. Moreover, the prophylactic potency comparison between sucralfate spray and prophylactic clips was also unknown. Therefore, a head-to-head comparison between sucralfate powder and clipping is needed to identify the preventative potency.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients who take antiplatelets or anticoagulants with large polyps (size ≥ 1 cm)

Exclusion Criteria:

• lacked complete data (serum creatinine, platelet count, and prothrombin time) pertaining to the previous 6 months
• those who did not discontinue or inadequately discontinued antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants
• those who had a known allergy to sucralfate

after publication

after study publication